CVE-2026-118651

The Echo proxy middleware (middleware/proxy.go) preserves an incoming X-Real-IP header verbatim and forwards it to the upstream service when Echo#IPExtractor is not configured, which is the default. Because any HTTP client can supply an arbitrary X-Real-IP value, an attacker can cause Echo to relay a spoofed client IP address to every upstream service behind the proxy, undermining upstream IP-based access controls, rate limiting, audit logging, and geo-restriction.

Affected Component

• middleware/proxy.go, ProxyConfig.ToMiddleware(), header-rewriting block (lines 351–355)

Description

The header-preservation condition passes spoofed values to upstream

ProxyConfig.ToMiddleware() (proxy.go:338-405) prepares forwarding headers before dispatching each request. The X-Real-IP rewrite logic at lines 351-355 reads:

// proxy.go:351-355
// Basically it's not good practice to unconditionally pass incoming x-real-ip header to upstream.
// However, for backward compatibility, legacy behavior is preserved unless you configure Echo#IPExtractor.
if req.Header.Get(echo.HeaderXRealIP) == "" || c.Echo().IPExtractor != nil {
    req.Header.Set(echo.HeaderXRealIP, c.RealIP())
}

The condition is TRUE (and therefore overwrites the header with a derived value) only when:

• The header is absent, req.Header.Get(echo.HeaderXRealIP) == ""; or
• IPExtractor is explicitly configured, c.Echo().IPExtractor != nil

The condition is FALSE, and the header is left unchanged, when the request arrives with an X-Real-IP header already set and IPExtractor is nil. Because Echo.New() leaves IPExtractor as nil, this is the out-of-the-box behaviour for every application that uses Proxy() or ProxyWithConfig() without extra configuration.

An attacker who sets X-Real-IP to any value causes Echo to forward exactly that value to the upstream, with no modification or validation.

The comment in the source code confirms intent and the security gap

The inline comment at line 351-352 explicitly states:

"Basically it's not good practice to unconditionally pass incoming x-real-ip header to upstream. However, for backward compatibility, legacy behavior is preserved unless you configure Echo#IPExtractor."

The framework is aware that the default is insecure and retains it for backward compatibility. No warning appears in the Proxy() or ProxyWithConfig() documentation, so operators who follow the standard setup example receive a silently insecure proxy configuration.

This is structurally identical to the documented insecurity in ip.go:27:

"Note: if you don't set Echo#IPExtractor explicitly, Echo fallback to legacy behavior, which is not a good choice."

Full execution chain

1. Attacker sends GET /api/admin to the Echo proxy with header X-Real-IP: 203.0.113.1 (a trusted corporate IP)
2. ToMiddleware() evaluates the guard at line 353: header is present (!= ""), IPExtractor is nil → condition is FALSE
3. req.Header.Set is not called; the upstream request carries the original, attacker-supplied X-Real-IP: 203.0.113.1
4. Upstream service checks X-Real-IP against its IP allowlist → finds 203.0.113.1 → grants access
5. Attacker reaches an endpoint that should be restricted to the corporate IP range

Secondary impact path (audit poisoning):

• All upstream log entries, rate-limit counters, and geo-restriction checks are evaluated against 203.0.113.1 rather than the real client IP, rendering audit trails and security analytics unreliable.

Proof of Concept

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    echo "github.com/labstack/echo/v5"
    "github.com/labstack/echo/v5/middleware"
)

func main() {
    // Upstream server: echoes back the X-Real-IP it received
    upstream := http.NewServeMux()
    upstream.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        fmt.Fprintf(w, "upstream sees X-Real-IP: %s\n", r.Header.Get("X-Real-IP"))
    })
    go http.ListenAndServe(":9000", upstream)

    // Echo proxy, IPExtractor deliberately NOT set (the default)
    e := echo.New()
    targets := []*middleware.ProxyTarget{{URL: mustParse("http://127.0.0.1:9000")}}
    e.Use(middleware.Proxy(middleware.NewRoundRobinBalancer(targets)))
    log.Fatal(e.Start(":1323"))
}

# Without spoofed header, upstream sees actual peer address
curl http://127.0.0.1:1323/
# upstream sees X-Real-IP: 127.0.0.1

# With spoofed header, upstream sees attacker-supplied value
curl -H 'X-Real-IP: 198.51.100.77' http://127.0.0.1:1323/
# upstream sees X-Real-IP: 198.51.100.77

The attacker-supplied IP 198.51.100.77 arrives at the upstream unchanged.

Recommended Remediation

Option 1: Always overwrite X-Real-IP from an authoritative source (preferred)

Remove the conditional that preserves the incoming header. Echo, as the edge proxy, is the only authoritative source for the real client IP:

// proxy.go, always set X-Real-IP from an authoritative source
req.Header.Set(echo.HeaderXRealIP, c.RealIP())

For this to be safe, operators using Proxy() should also configure IPExtractor:

e.IPExtractor = echo.ExtractIPDirect() // no upstream proxy
// or
e.IPExtractor = echo.ExtractIPFromXFFHeader() // behind a trusted upstream LB

Option 2: Document and warn in Proxy() godoc

If backward compatibility must be preserved, add a prominent security warning to Proxy() and ProxyWithConfig():

// Proxy returns a Proxy middleware.
//
// SECURITY: By default, an incoming X-Real-IP header supplied by the client
// is forwarded to the upstream unchanged. This allows any client to spoof its
// IP identity to upstream services. Configure Echo#IPExtractor before using
// this middleware to ensure X-Real-IP is derived from a trusted source:
//
//   e.IPExtractor = echo.ExtractIPDirect()
//
// See https://echo.labstack.com/guide/ip-address for details.
func Proxy(balancer ProxyBalancer) echo.MiddlewareFunc {

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered and reported by bugbunny.ai.

Workarounds

Configure Echo#IPExtractor for your deployment, for example e.IPExtractor = echo.ExtractIPDirect() when there is no proxy in front of the application, or echo.ExtractIPFromXFFHeader() / echo.ExtractIPFromRealIPHeader() (with TrustIPRange for proxies on public addresses). With an extractor set, the Proxy middleware overwrites X-Real-IP in v4 too.