Summary
Forge: Denial of service in TLS record processing via a record interleaved with a fragmented handshake message
A connection created with forge.tls.createConnection() throws an uncaught TypeError from process() when it receives a record of another content type while waiting for the rest of a handshake message that was split across records. A peer can trigger this with 18 bytes before the handshake, without authentication, which terminates Node.js processes that use the documented socket wiring. Fixed in node-forge 1.4.1.
Details
In lib/tls.js, _readRecord() handles a record that arrives while a handshake message split across records is incomplete. If the record has any other content type (change_cipher_spec, alert, application_data or heartbeat), forge correctly reports "Invalid fragmented record." through c.error() with a fatal unexpected_message alert. That fatal error closes and resets the connection, which sets c.record to null. _readRecord() then continues with c.record.ready = true and throws TypeError: Cannot set properties of null (setting 'ready') out of process(). The code is unchanged since the first release.
RFC 5246 section 6.2.1 allows a handshake message to be fragmented across records, and RFC 8446 section 5.1 forbids interleaving handshake messages with other record types. Failing the connection with unexpected_message is the intended behavior; the bug is the crash after the error.
node-forge reports TLS protocol errors through the error callback, so applications do not normally wrap process() in try/catch. When process() is called from a Node.js socket data handler, as in the documented usage, the exception is uncaught and terminates the process.
The fix returns from _readRecord() right after the fatal error. The connection is failed, the alert is sent and the error callback is called as before, and process() no longer throws.
Workarounds
Wrap every call to connection.process() in try/catch. The connection has already been failed and closed when the exception is thrown, so the exception can be ignored or the socket destroyed.
Proof of concept
Input (server mode), two records, 18 bytes:
16 03 01 00 06 01 00 00 10 03 01 handshake record: ClientHello header announcing 16 bytes, 2 present
15 03 01 00 02 02 28 alert record
// c = forge.tls.createConnection({server: true, ...})
c.process(forge.util.hexToBytes('1603010006010000100301' + '15030100020228'));
On 1.4.0 the error callback receives "Invalid fragmented record.", then process() throws TypeError: Cannot set properties of null (setting 'ready'). A change_cipher_spec, application_data or heartbeat record in place of the alert has the same effect, and a client connection behaves the same with a fragment of a ServerHello. In a Node.js server that calls c.process(data.toString('binary')) from socket.on('data', ...), a client sending these 18 bytes terminates the server process. On 1.4.1 the connection fails with a fatal unexpected_message alert and process() returns normally.
Regression tests in tests/unit/tls.js, "fragmented handshake messages": each of the four other record types after a handshake fragment, in server and client mode, plus same-type continuation records that are still accepted.
Impact
Applications that use node-forge's TLS implementation: connections from forge.tls.createConnection(), including those created by forge.tls.wrapSocket() and the forge.http / forge.xhr TLS connections. Any peer that can connect to a forge TLS server, or any server a forge TLS client connects to, can send 18 bytes before the handshake, without authentication. In Node.js applications using the documented usage, the uncaught exception terminates the process, which drops every connection it serves, and the attacker can repeat it on every restart. There is no confidentiality or integrity impact.
The application dereferences a null pointer, causing a crash. Typical impact: denial of service via crash.
CVE-2026-119188 has a CVSS score of 7.5 (High). The vector is network-reachable, no privileges required, and no user interaction. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (1.4.1); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.
Affected versions
Security releases
Kodem intelligence
Severity tells you how bad this could be in the worst case. It does not tell you whether you are exposed. Exploitability and impact are functions of runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A vulnerable package can sit in your dependency tree and never run.
Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter. Kodem's runtime-powered SCA identifies whether this CVE is reachable in your applications.
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Fixed in node-forge 1.4.1. The connection still fails with a fatal unexpected_message alert and the error callback, but process() no longer throws.
Frequently Asked Questions
- What is CVE-2026-119188? CVE-2026-119188 is a high-severity null pointer dereference vulnerability in node-forge (npm), affecting versions <= 1.4.0. It is fixed in 1.4.1. The application dereferences a null pointer, causing a crash.
- How severe is CVE-2026-119188? CVE-2026-119188 has a CVSS score of 7.5 (High). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
- Which versions of node-forge are affected by CVE-2026-119188? node-forge (npm) versions <= 1.4.0 is affected.
- Is there a fix for CVE-2026-119188? Yes. CVE-2026-119188 is fixed in 1.4.1. Upgrade to this version or later.
- Is CVE-2026-119188 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2026-119188 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
- What actually determines whether CVE-2026-119188 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
- How do I fix CVE-2026-119188? Upgrade
node-forgeto 1.4.1 or later.