CVE-2026-40194

phpseclib SSH2: Variable-time comparison in HMAC verification

phpseclib\Net\SSH2::get_binary_packet() uses PHP's != operator to compare a received SSH packet HMAC against the locally computed HMAC. != on equal-length binary strings in PHP uses memcmp(), which short-circuits on the first differing byte. This is a real variable-time comparison (CWE-208), proven by scaling benchmarks.

The finding is Low severity (defense-in-depth), not Critical. Practical exploitation over the network is prevented by SSH's disconnect-on-MAC-failure behavior combined with per-connection session keys. The fix is a one-liner: replace != with hash_equals(), which the codebase already uses in 9 other places.

• Target: phpseclib/phpseclib
• File: phpseclib/Net/SSH2.php
• Lines (master e819a163c): 3405 and 3410
• CWE: CWE-208 (Observable Timing Discrepancy)
• CVSS v3.1: 3.7, CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
• Severity: Low (cryptographic hygiene / defense-in-depth)
• Affected branches: master, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0 (all supported versions)

Root cause

phpseclib/Net/SSH2.php lines 3399-3415 (master at e819a163c):

if ($this->hmac_check instanceof Hash) {
    $reconstructed = !$this->hmac_check_etm ?
        pack('Na*', $packet->packet_length, $packet->plain) :
        substr($packet->raw, 0, -$this->hmac_size);
    if (($this->hmac_check->getHash() & "\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF") == 'umac') {
        $this->hmac_check->setNonce("\0\0\0\0" . pack('N', $this->get_seq_no));
        if ($hmac != $this->hmac_check->hash($reconstructed)) {                     // <-- line 3405
            $this->disconnect_helper(DisconnectReason::MAC_ERROR);
            throw new ConnectionClosedException('Invalid UMAC');
        }
    } else {
        if ($hmac != $this->hmac_check->hash(pack('Na*', $this->get_seq_no, $reconstructed))) {  // <-- line 3410
            $this->disconnect_helper(DisconnectReason::MAC_ERROR);
            throw new ConnectionClosedException('Invalid HMAC');
        }
    }
}

Both $hmac (read from the socket via Strings::pop($raw, $this->hmac_size) at line 3348) and the computed hash are equal-length binary strings. PHP's != operator on equal-length strings dispatches to zend_binary_strcmp() which internally calls memcmp(). Modern libc memcmp short-circuits on the first differing byte, producing a timing signal that scales linearly with the number of matching leading bytes.

The same bug exists on every supported branch

Verified with git show <branch>:phpseclib/Net/SSH2.php.

Reachability

The HMAC verification path at lines 3399-3415 is reached on every received SSH packet when the negotiated cipher is not AEAD, i.e., any of:

• aes128-cbc, aes192-cbc, aes256-cbc
• aes128-ctr, aes192-ctr, aes256-ctr
• 3des-cbc, 3des-ctr
• blowfish-cbc, blowfish-ctr
• twofish-*-cbc, twofish-*-ctr
• arcfour, arcfour128, arcfour256

combined with any non-AEAD MAC (hmac-sha2-256, hmac-sha2-512, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha1-96, hmac-md5, hmac-md5-96, umac-64, umac-128, and their -etm variants, full list at getSupportedMACAlgorithms() around line 4754).

AEAD ciphers ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) go through a different path (lines 3353-3381) and do not reach the != comparison, their authentication tag is checked inside the AEAD implementation.

$this->hmac_check is set during key exchange at SSH2.php:1812:

if (!$this->decrypt->usesNonce()) {
    [$this->hmac_check, $checkKeyLength] = self::mac_algorithm_to_hash_instance($mac_algorithm_in);
    $this->hmac_size = $this->hmac_check->getLengthInBytes();
}

So any SSH2 client session negotiating a non-AEAD cipher exercises the vulnerable code path starting from the first post-KEX packet.

Contrast with existing code that does the right thing

hash_equals() is already used in 9 other places in the phpseclib codebase, proving the maintainer knows the pattern:

phpseclib/File/CMS/DigestedData.php:186
phpseclib/File/CMS/SignedData/Signer.php:294
phpseclib/File/CMS/SignedData/Signer.php:406
phpseclib/Crypt/Common/Formats/Keys/PuTTY.php:236
phpseclib/Crypt/RSA/PublicKey.php:98, 105, 188, 229
phpseclib/Crypt/RSA/PrivateKey.php:386

The SSH2 MAC comparison is the one place it was missed.

Proof of concept

All scripts under poc/. They prove three things:

1. PHP's != on equal-length binary strings IS variable-time and short-circuits.
2. hash_equals() is constant-time over the same inputs.
3. Applied to 32-byte HMAC-SHA256 values as produced by phpseclib's Crypt\Hash class, the code path at SSH2.php:3405/3410 leaks ~2-14 ns of signal per comparison.

PoC 1: baseline measurement (poc/01_verify_variable_time.php)

Measures != vs hash_equals() on 32-byte strings with first-byte vs last-byte mismatch. 500,000 iterations each, trimmed mean, Welch's t-test.

Representative output (PHP 8.3.6 on Linux x86_64):

=== PHP != operator vs hash_equals() on 32-byte strings ===
Iterations: 500000

!= first-byte mismatch: median=40 p25=40 p75=50 tmean=44.3
!= last-byte mismatch:  median=50 p25=40 p75=50 tmean=46.4
Gap (last - first):     tmean_delta=2.1 ns

hash_equals first-byte: median=110 tmean=112.7
hash_equals last-byte:  median=111 tmean=114.9
Gap (last - first):     tmean_delta=2.2 ns

The 32-byte delta is small (~2 ns) and lives in the noise. This alone doesn't prove variable-time behavior. PoC 2 does.

PoC 2: scaling test (poc/02_scaling_test.php)

The decisive test. If != is truly constant-time, timing should not depend on mismatch position. If it short-circuits, timing should scale linearly with prefix length. Test strings from 32 bytes to 4096 bytes.

Length  32 bytes: range (first-last byte mismatch) =   1.72 ns
Length  64 bytes: range                            =   2.42 ns
Length 128 bytes: range                            =   8.33 ns
Length 256 bytes: range                            =  16.91 ns
Length 512 bytes: range                            =  38.89 ns
Length 1024 bytes: range                           =  81.16 ns
Length 4096 bytes: range                           = 284.26 ns

This is monotone, linear scaling. Confirmed variable-time: != short-circuits. Per-byte delta ≈ 0.089 ns/byte (4096 bytes → ~284 ns → 284/4096 ≈ 0.069 ns/byte after accounting for the fixed call overhead).

PoC 3: contrast with hash_equals() (poc/03_hash_equals_scaling.php)

Same test, != vs hash_equals() on 1024-byte strings:

Mismatch pos         | != tmean (ns)        | hash_equals tmean
----------------------------------------------------------------------
byte    0            |    83.72 (sd  4.79) |   873.78 (sd 100.71)
byte  128            |    98.48 (sd  8.27) |   855.10 (sd 87.50)
byte  256            |   103.36 (sd  7.01) |   869.21 (sd 89.61)
byte  512            |   125.65 (sd 10.07) |   879.74 (sd 81.82)
byte  768            |   145.73 (sd  9.96) |   848.59 (sd 84.34)
byte 1023            |   175.33 (sd 14.31) |   852.24 (sd 85.81)

!= range (last - first):          91.62 ns
hash_equals range (last - first): 31.15 ns

!= monotonically increases with mismatch position. hash_equals is flat; the 31 ns range is measurement jitter (sd ≈ 90 ns > range).

Per-byte delta from this run: 91.62 / 1023 ≈ 0.089 ns/byte. Extrapolated to 32-byte HMAC: ~2.86 ns total signal between first-byte-diff and last-byte-diff.

PoC 4: end-to-end with phpseclib's Hash class (poc/04_phpseclib_in_context.php)

Uses phpseclib4\Crypt\Hash (the exact class bound to $this->hmac_check) to compute a real HMAC-SHA-256, then executes the exact expression $hmac != $this->hmac_check->hash(...) from SSH2.php:3410:

Using != (SSH2.php:3405,3410 pattern):
  first-byte mismatch: 44.33 ns
  last-byte mismatch:  58.19 ns
  Δ (last - first):    13.86 ns  <-- timing leak signal

Using hash_equals() (the fix):
  first-byte mismatch: 113.67 ns
  last-byte mismatch:  112.93 ns
  Δ (last - first):    -0.74 ns  <-- should be flat (noise)

The 13.86 ns vs 2.86 ns variation between runs is within measurement variance, the signal is real and the sign matches every run (last > first for !=, flat for hash_equals).

Why exploitation over the network is infeasible

1. Signal is tiny. ~3-14 ns per HMAC compare. Network RTT jitter on a reasonable LAN is 100 µs (100,000 ns). On the internet it is 1-10 ms. The signal-to-noise ratio for a remote observer is ~1e-5 to 1e-7.

2. One measurement per connection. On every MAC failure, SSH2.php:3406/3411 calls disconnect_helper(MAC_ERROR) and throws. The connection is torn down. A reconnect goes through a fresh key exchange, producing a new HMAC key. The HMAC over a fresh key is uncorrelated with the prior HMAC. An attacker cannot accumulate prefix-matching information across connections because there is no fixed target.

3. MAC is over sequence-numbered data. Each packet's MAC input includes $this->get_seq_no (line 3410) or a nonce (line 3404). Even within a single connection, replays are impossible, every MAC is bound to a distinct seq number. There is no stable oracle to probe.

4. No adaptive probe. A Bleichenbacher/Lucky13-style attack needs tens of thousands of adaptive queries against a single secret. SSH's hard disconnect eliminates this primitive entirely.

5. Rough sample-count requirement. To distinguish a 3 ns signal from 1 ms jitter with high confidence you need roughly (noise / signal)^2 ≈ (1e6 / 3)^2 ≈ 1e11 independent samples. With one sample per connection (and each connection being against a fresh secret), this is unreachable on any practical scale.

What remains real

1. Cryptographic hygiene. A security library should not use non-constant-time comparison on MACs, period. That is standard practice (RFC 4634, NIST SP 800-131A guidance on cryptographic implementations).
2. Code correctness / API consistency. The library already uses hash_equals() in 9 other comparable places. The SSH2 MAC path is inconsistent with the rest of the codebase.
3. Future-proofing. If PHP or the underlying memcmp() implementation changes, or if a future MAC algorithm uses longer digests, the signal grows linearly. A constant-time comparison eliminates the concern permanently.
4. Static analysis / audit hygiene. Cryptographic linters (e.g., GitHub CodeQL's js/timing-attack, phpcs-security-audit) flag non-constant-time comparisons on secret values. A clean codebase passes those checks.

CVSS breakdown

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N = 3.7 (Low)

• AV:N, network path, attacker on the SSH transport.
• AC:H, extremely high complexity; remote exploitation is not demonstrated and is believed infeasible.
• PR:N/UI:N, no prior auth or interaction needed to observe the timing (if there were any signal).
• S:U, no scope change.
• C:L / I:N / A:N, theoretical information exposure of MAC prefix bits only, no integrity or availability impact.

This is the same vector string used for CVE-2026-32935 (the recent AES-CBC padding oracle in the same library), differing only in Confidentiality (L vs H) because padding oracle actually recovers plaintext whereas this MAC timing does not enable any known plaintext recovery.

PoC 5: prefix-position byte-recovery test (poc/05_prefix_position_test.php)

The critical question: can an attacker recover the MAC byte-by-byte? Tests candidate MACs with 0, 1, 2, ..., 31 correct leading bytes using phpseclib's Crypt\Hash class. 500,000 iterations per position.

 0 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 65.75 ns  sd= 4.89 ns
 1 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 66.36 ns  sd= 4.77 ns
 2 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 60.06 ns  sd= 5.29 ns
 4 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 58.08 ns  sd= 5.24 ns
 8 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 66.93 ns  sd= 4.60 ns
12 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 64.01 ns  sd= 4.83 ns
16 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 61.81 ns  sd= 5.55 ns
20 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 60.46 ns  sd= 5.40 ns
24 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 60.53 ns  sd= 4.06 ns
28 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 60.54 ns  sd= 3.99 ns
31 correct prefix bytes: tmean= 59.04 ns  sd= 3.96 ns

Range (0 prefix vs 31 prefix): -6.71 ns (NEGATIVE)

No monotonic signal. The range is negative (wrong direction for an oracle), and the standard deviations (4-5 ns) are larger than any observed position-dependent delta. Byte-by-byte MAC recovery is not feasible even locally on 32-byte HMACs.

This conclusively rules out the "timing oracle for MAC forgery" escalation path.

Escalation angles investigated and ruled out

9 rounds of external review suggested various escalation paths. Every one is dead:

Devil's advocate review

Every objection I could think of, addressed:

"This is just a code smell. Show me a real exploit."
Acknowledged. The report does not claim remote exploitability. It is submitted as Low / defense-in-depth, consistent with how similar findings are treated in other cryptographic libraries (see e.g. OpenSSH commits replacing memcmp() with timingsafe_bcmp for similar reasons).

"PHP's != might not even short-circuit, you're just seeing noise."
PoC 2 rules this out. Timing scales monotonically and nearly linearly with mismatch position across a 128x range of string lengths (32 bytes → 4096 bytes). That is not noise.

"SSH disconnects on MAC failure, so you only get one sample. Case closed."
Correct, and the report says so explicitly. This is why the severity is Low rather than High.

"There is no adaptive probe because session keys rotate per connection."
Correct, and the report says so explicitly. This is the primary reason the network attack is infeasible.

"Is this Lucky13-style? Does the MAC check happen after padding?"
No. MAC verification at SSH2.php:3399-3414 runs BEFORE any padding interpretation. Padding length is only read at line 3418, strictly after the MAC check. There is no unpadding oracle here. (Lucky13 in phpseclib's AES-CBC decrypt path is a separate, already-fixed issue, CVE-2026-32935.)

"Maybe the get_seq_no or nonce path somehow enables forgery."
No. The seq number is deterministic (incremented by one per packet) and the nonce (for UMAC) is derived from it. Neither is attacker-controlled in any useful sense. The MAC key is the secret, and it is per-connection.

"Is this already reported?"
Searched published advisories (gh api repos/phpseclib/phpseclib/security-advisories). Only CVE-2026-32935 is published, for a different code path (AES-CBC padding oracle after MAC verification). The SSH2 MAC comparison issue is not covered by any published advisory. The fix commit for CVE-2026-32935 (ccc21aef71eb170e9bf819b167e67d1fd9e6e788) did not touch SSH2.php:3405 or :3410.

"Does the project's threat model even consider this in scope?"
SECURITY.md says "To report a security vulnerability, please use the Tidelift security contact." It does not exclude timing side-channels. The maintainer has already fixed constant-time comparison issues in other parts of the library (RSA, OAEP, AES-CBC padding) and uses hash_equals() in 9 other places. This issue is consistent with the maintainer's existing security posture, and the fix is trivial.

"Is the Low severity appropriate? Could it be informational?"
Low is appropriate. "Informational" would be for something that is provably no-impact. This is a demonstrable CWE-208 instance on secret-dependent data. It scores 3.7 under CVSS v3.1 with AC:H and C:L. That is Low, not Informational. The recent CVE-2026-32935 is assigned for a timing-side-channel in the same file category and given CVSS 4.0 = 8.2 (their vector is more severe because padding oracle actually recovers plaintext). This one would score lower than that, which matches the Low designation.

"Would a maintainer just close this?"
Unlikely. The fix is a one-liner, there is no behavioral change, it aligns with existing code style in the same codebase, and it silences future audit findings. The maintainer has a track record of accepting similar hardening patches. If they close it, the reason would likely be "we already know, not worth a CVE", which would still leave the code fixed, which is the goal.

Suggested reporting path

GitHub PVR is enabled for phpseclib/phpseclib ({"enabled":true}). SECURITY.md says to use the Tidelift contact, but GitHub PVR is a reasonable alternative and lets the maintainer decide whether to coordinate with Tidelift. Either path is acceptable.

Given the Low severity, this could also be filed as a public pull request rather than a security advisory. That would be faster for everyone and avoids using the private disclosure channel for a hardening fix.

Files

• poc/01_verify_variable_time.php, baseline 32-byte timing measurement
• poc/02_scaling_test.php, decisive scaling test across string lengths
• poc/03_hash_equals_scaling.php, != vs hash_equals() comparison
• poc/04_phpseclib_in_context.php, end-to-end repro using phpseclib's Crypt\Hash
• notes.md, research notes, dead ends, escalation angles considered
• prior-work.md, prior work search results
• status.json, machine-readable status

Koda Reef

Severity: Low (defense-in-depth). This is a real CWE-208 instance, but it is not a practical remote vulnerability.

CVE-2026-40194 has a CVSS score of 3.7 (Low). The vector is network-reachable, no privileges required, and no user interaction. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (2.0.53, 3.0.51, 1.0.28); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

Two-line patch:

--- a/phpseclib/Net/SSH2.php
+++ b/phpseclib/Net/SSH2.php
@@ -3402,12 +3402,12 @@ class SSH2
                 substr($packet->raw, 0, -$this->hmac_size);
             if (($this->hmac_check->getHash() & "\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF") == 'umac') {
                 $this->hmac_check->setNonce("\0\0\0\0" . pack('N', $this->get_seq_no));
-                if ($hmac != $this->hmac_check->hash($reconstructed)) {
+                if (!hash_equals($this->hmac_check->hash($reconstructed), $hmac)) {
                     $this->disconnect_helper(DisconnectReason::MAC_ERROR);
                     throw new ConnectionClosedException('Invalid UMAC');
                 }
             } else {
-                if ($hmac != $this->hmac_check->hash(pack('Na*', $this->get_seq_no, $reconstructed))) {
+                if (!hash_equals($this->hmac_check->hash(pack('Na*', $this->get_seq_no, $reconstructed)), $hmac)) {
                     $this->disconnect_helper(DisconnectReason::MAC_ERROR);
                     throw new ConnectionClosedException('Invalid HMAC');
                 }

The same one-liner should be applied to phpseclib/Net/SSH2.php on 3.0 (lines 3741, 3746), 2.0 (line 3796), and 1.0 (line 3810).

hash_equals() is a built-in PHP function available since PHP 5.6. phpseclib's minimum PHP version for all supported branches is well above that, so there is no compatibility concern, and indeed, as noted, hash_equals() is already used throughout the codebase for exactly this purpose.

1. What is CVE-2026-40194? CVE-2026-40194 is a low-severity security vulnerability in phpseclib/phpseclib (composer), affecting versions >= 2.0.0, < 2.0.53. It is fixed in 2.0.53, 3.0.51, 1.0.28.
2. How severe is CVE-2026-40194? CVE-2026-40194 has a CVSS score of 3.7 (Low). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of phpseclib/phpseclib are affected by CVE-2026-40194? phpseclib/phpseclib (composer) versions >= 2.0.0, < 2.0.53 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2026-40194? Yes. CVE-2026-40194 is fixed in 2.0.53, 3.0.51, 1.0.28. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2026-40194 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2026-40194 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2026-40194 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2026-40194?
   • Upgrade phpseclib/phpseclib to 2.0.53 or later
   • Upgrade phpseclib/phpseclib to 3.0.51 or later
   • Upgrade phpseclib/phpseclib to 1.0.28 or later