CVE-2021-41129

A malicious user can modify the contents of a confirmation_token input during the two-factor authentication process to reference a cache value not associated with the login attempt. In rare cases this can allow a malicious actor to authenticate as a random user in the Panel. The malicious user must target an account with two-factor authentication enabled, and then must provide a correct two-factor authentication token before being authenticated as that user.

Scope

At its heart this is a high-risk login bypass vulnerability. However, there are a few additional conditions that must be met in order for this to be successfully executed, notably:

1.) The account referenced by the malicious cache key must have two-factor authentication enabled. An account without two-factor authentication would cause an exception to be triggered by the authentication logic, thusly exiting this authentication flow.
2.) Even if the malicious user is able to reference a valid cache key that references a valid user account with two-factor authentication, they must provide a valid two-factor authentication token.

However, due to the design of this endpoint once a valid user account is found with two-factor authentication enabled there is no rate-limiting present, thusly allowing an attacker to brute force combinations until successful. This leads to a third condition that must be met:

3.) For the duration of this attack sequence the cache key being referenced must continue to exist with a valid user_id value. Depending on the specific key being used for this attack, this value may disappear quickly, or be changed by other random user interactions on the Panel, outside the control of the attacker.

About the Severity

As you may have noticed, this is not a trivial authentication bypass bug to exploit, and is likely incredibly difficult for a layperson to pull off. However, the severity of this disclosure has been prepared based on the nature of the bug and the potential for unexpected administrative account access under very rare conditions.

Mitigation

In order to mitigate this vulnerability the underlying authentication logic was changed to use an encrypted session store that the user is therefore unable to control the value of. This completely removed the use of a user-controlled value being used. In addition, the code was audited to ensure this type of vulnerability is not present elsewhere.

If you have any questions or concerns about the content of this disclosure please contact Tactical Fish#8008 on Discord, or email dane ät pterodactyl.io.

Due to a validation flaw in the logic handling user authentication during the two-factor authentication process a malicious user can trick the system into loading credentials for an arbitrary user by modifying the token sent to the server. This authentication flaw is present in the LoginCheckpointController@__invoke method which handles two-factor authentication for a user.

This controller looks for a request input parameter called confirmation_token which is expected to be a 64 character random alpha-numeric string that references a value within the Panel's cache containing a user_id value. This value is then used to fetch the user that attempted to login, and lookup their two-factor authentication token. Due to the design of this system, any element in the cache that contains only digits could be referenced by a malicious user, and whatever value is stored at that position would be used as the user_id.

There are a few different areas of the Panel that store values into the cache that are integers, and a user who determines what those cache keys are could pass one of those keys which would cause this code pathway to reference an arbitrary user.

The application does not adequately verify the identity of a user, device, or process before granting access. Typical impact: unauthorized access to functions or data reserved for authenticated parties.

CVE-2021-41129 has a CVSS score of 8.1 (High). The vector is network-reachable, no privileges required, and no user interaction. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (1.6.2); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

1. What is CVE-2021-41129? CVE-2021-41129 is a high-severity improper authentication vulnerability in pterodactyl/panel (composer), affecting versions >= 1.0.0, < 1.6.2. It is fixed in 1.6.2. The application does not adequately verify the identity of a user, device, or process before granting access.
2. How severe is CVE-2021-41129? CVE-2021-41129 has a CVSS score of 8.1 (High). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of pterodactyl/panel are affected by CVE-2021-41129? pterodactyl/panel (composer) versions >= 1.0.0, < 1.6.2 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2021-41129? Yes. CVE-2021-41129 is fixed in 1.6.2. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2021-41129 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2021-41129 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2021-41129 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2021-41129? Upgrade pterodactyl/panel to 1.6.2 or later.