CVE-2026-28681

Cause

Email links in account creation, password reset, and mntner migration emails were generated from the HTTP request context, allowing an attacker to manipulate the HTTP Host header to redirect these links to an attacker-controlled domain (password reset poisoning).

Resolution

Requests with a Host header that does not match server.http.url are now rejected, preventing Host header injection attacks against the web UI.

All existing password reset tokens are invalidated by this upgrade, rendering any tokens that may have been captured by an attacker unusable.

Patched versions: 4.4.5 and 4.5.1.

Workarounds

Configuring a reverse proxy (such as nginx) to reject requests where the Host header does not match the expected hostname is an effective workaround. Enabling two-factor authentication is strongly recommended for all users, as it prevents account takeover even if a password reset token is compromised.

Detecting exploitation

Because the victim never interacts with the real IRRD instance in this attack, it is difficult to detect exploitation from logs alone.

Indicators that an account was targeted or compromised:

• A password reset email requested followed by password (re)set successfully where the delay is longer than expected. Legitimate users actively waiting for a reset email tend to complete it quickly; victims who receive an unexpected email are less likely to click it immediately, resulting in a longer delay.
• Users receiving a password reset mail without requesting one.
• If a successfully attacked user later attempts to log in with their original password, this appears in the logs as user failed login due to invalid account or password.

After upgrading to a patched release, all existing password reset tokens are invalidated. Users who can still log in with their password after the upgrade can be certain their account has not been taken over.

An attacker can manipulate the HTTP Host header on a password reset or account creation request. The confirmation link in the resulting email can then point to an attacker-controlled domain. Opening the link in the email is sufficient to pass the token to the attacker, who can then use it on the real IRRD instance to take over the account. A compromised account can then be used to modify RPSL objects maintained by the account's mntners and perform other account actions.

If the user had two-factor authentication configured, which is required for users with override access, an attacker is not able to log in, even after successfully resetting the password.

This issue affects IRRD 4.5.0 and all 4.4.x versions prior to 4.4.5. IRRD 4.3 and earlier are not affected, as they did not include the web UI.

Untrusted input controls a URL used for redirection, which can forward users to attacker-controlled sites. Typical impact: phishing and credential harvesting via a trusted domain.

CVE-2026-28681 has a CVSS score of 8.1 (High). The vector is network-reachable, no privileges required, and user interaction required. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (4.4.5, 4.5.1); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

1. What is CVE-2026-28681? CVE-2026-28681 is a high-severity open redirect vulnerability in irrd (pip), affecting versions >= 4.4.0, < 4.4.5. It is fixed in 4.4.5, 4.5.1. Untrusted input controls a URL used for redirection, which can forward users to attacker-controlled sites.
2. How severe is CVE-2026-28681? CVE-2026-28681 has a CVSS score of 8.1 (High). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of irrd are affected by CVE-2026-28681? irrd (pip) versions >= 4.4.0, < 4.4.5 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2026-28681? Yes. CVE-2026-28681 is fixed in 4.4.5, 4.5.1. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2026-28681 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2026-28681 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2026-28681 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2026-28681?
   • Upgrade irrd to 4.4.5 or later
   • Upgrade irrd to 4.5.1 or later